Mao Zedong

Alyssa Franco 11/28/12 Mao Zedong is considered to be one of the most controversial political leaders of the twentieth century. He has been known both as a savior and a tyrant to the Chinese people. From his strategic success of the Long March, to his humiliating failure of the Great Leap Forward, to the Cultural Revolution that shocked the country and took countless lives, Mao has significantly influenced the result of what China is today. From humble origins, Mao Zedong rose to absolute power, unifying with an iron fist a vast country torn apart by years of weak leadership, imperialism, and war.This astute and insightful account by Jonathan D. Spence brings to life this modern-day ruler and the tumultuous era that Mao Zedong did so much to shape. Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in Shaoshan village in Hunan. He experienced a middle peasant upbringing that was â€Å"rooted in long-standing rural Chinese patterns of expectation and behavior† (Mao, 10). Mao went to Shao shan village school where he learned the customary Chinese curriculum as well as studied the â€Å"time-honored texts from the Confucian canon† (Mao, 11).At this time in his childhood, the whole country could foresee the fall of the previous dynasty, the Qing. Mao studied to be a teacher at The First Provincial Normal School, in Changsha, which influenced his future thinking and beliefs. He believed that the Chinese way of thinking needed reform, therefore fixated on younger people and peasants to build his political career. In 1912 Mao decided to go to Wuhan. For five years he studied and received an education in academics, as well as politics. When Mao graduated in 1918, he was a political writer with a notable following.He had studied Marxism and other communist ideas and by 1919 considered himself to be a Marxist. For several years Mao wrote on his views and even began establishing groups that shared the same political opinions as he did. Mao had organized a group of Comm unists in Changsha and in 1921when he went to Shanghai to participate in the First National Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He rose to absolute power when he survived the Long March, a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army to escape the attacks ordered by Chiang Kai-Shek.This began his ascent to power because of the leadership displayed during the retreat. It gained him the support of many members of the party. Through the years Mao had many successes as well as failures as a leader. He put into actions two 5 year plans, established the Hundred Flower Movement, launched the Great Leap Forward, and set the groundwork for the Cultural Revolution, forever leaving his mark in Chinese history. The Great Leap Forward, what was supposed to be one of Mao Zedong’s greatest achievements, in turn actually became his most prominent failure.By 1957, to Mao at least, following the Soviet Union example no longer seemed sufficient. Growth was too slow, too reliant on tec hnical experts, and too controlled. He believed that China had to find a way to use their labor power to revolutionize more rapidly. Mao began to introduce the idea of the Great Leap Forward. In Mao’s mind the Great Leap â€Å"would combine the imperativeness of large-scale cooperative agriculture with a close-to-utopian vision of the ending of distinctions between occupations, sexes, ages, and levels of education† (Mao 143).Through the concentrated work of hundreds of millions of people laboring together, China would convert itself from a poverty stricken nation into a mighty one. Mao believed that China as a whole would procure the â€Å"benefits of scale and of flexibility† (Mao, 143). The peasants and workers performed large amounts of labor, working with â€Å"almost no respite in the fields† (Mao, 144). Trusting Mao, the Chinese Communist party, as well as the people of China got caught up in the idea of a â€Å"utopian† type society and full y supported the plan.This ideal however, did not transfer over to reality. The Great Leap became one of Mao’s biggest failures as the ruler of China. Many officials were surprised at Mao's naivety, especially since Mao used to be a farmer himself. Some Great Leap projects were successes, although all too often they were disasters. These projects were undertaken with too much haste and with so little methodical knowledge that serious mistakes were made. After Mao had realized that his plan was deteriorating he quickly called for a slower pace and more attainable goals.Mao’s faulty economics ended up creating a famine of massive proportions. The Great Leap Forward ended up killing approximately 30 million people as a result of starvation and diseases related to poor supplies and dearth of food, this time period is known as the Three Hard Years. Not surprisingly the Great Leap Forward strained the connection between China and the Soviet Union. Mao was never partial to Khr ushchev, Stalin’s successor, their relations were never affable. The countries continued to grow apart till their political split in 1960.The Great Leap Forward as well as the preceding intellectual Hundred Flowers Movement presented Mao being increasingly detached â€Å"from any true reality check† (Mao, 145). He appeared to be less and less concerned for the consequences that might transpire from his own â€Å"erratic utterances† (Mao, 145). Another notable event that took place during the control of Mao was the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969. Mao, now 70, was still overly enamored with revolutionary continuity.He told his nephew, what he believed were the five essential elements in his succession: â€Å"One must be a genuine Marxist-Leninist; one must be willing to work for the masses wholeheartedly; one must work with the majority and accept their criticisms, even if the criticisms seemed to be misplaced at the time; one must be a model of obedient discipli ne under the strictures of democratic centralism; and one must be modest about oneself, always ready to indulge in self-criticism† (Mao, 168).Mao then posed this question, â€Å"You grew up eating honey, and thus far you have never known suffering. In future, if you do not become a rightist, but rather a centralist, I shall be satisfied. You have never suffered, how can you be a leftist? †(Mao 168). This question obsessed many of China’s youth during the infancy of the Cultural Revolution. Mao’s answer was to be founded on the idea that â€Å"wanting leftist revolutionary activism could be regenerated by identifying the enemies correctly and then using all one’s ingenuity in rooting them out and destroying them† (Mao, 169).It was a power struggle between Mao and the older officers in the government. Mao used youth and freedom to rally against the older powers in an attempt to show the people that he was really the one with the best idea of Ch inese thought. He did not specifically coordinate the coming of the revolution, â€Å"but he established an environment that made it possible and helped to set many people and issues in place† (Mao, 170). The army became involved because Mao could not control the followers by words alone.Since Lin Biao, in charge of the military, thought that the army would keep the newfound power it had gained through the Cultural Revolution, he decided he would change Mao's power. The army took care of gathering youth from around China to produce the Red Army. This displayed that Mao was still in power and had the Army behind him. Mao left behind him a legacy that cannot be easily forgotten. He reformed the thoughts of the Chinese people from very reserved and old fashioned, to a new age of thinking. Being in power for such a long period of time, and uniting China to make it stronger was a great accomplishment.Mao Zedong should be considered to be a tyrant because of his lack of compassion during the Three Hard Years; although he did manage to capture the hearts of many, especially the youth of his time. Mao did demonstrate extreme perseverance and leadership, controlling China until it was physically not possible for him to do so. Spence does a good job of placing Mao in history, but it's the private man with whom he is most sympathetic. Spence creates Mao as clever and foolish, harsh and loving, practical and naive. Yet Mao's deepest motivations remain mysterious. This book is a satisfactory introduction to the enigmatic life of Mao Zedong.

Breaking the hourglass (Evaluating time management’s importance) Essay

Time management, according to Marc Mancini (2003), is organizing one’s time in such a way that he or she will be more fulfilled, more confident, less stressed and less frustrated about his or her life dealings. Mancini (2003) pointed out the importance of managing time especially in this fast-paced environment where twenty fours hours is no longer enough for a day. How an individual manages his or her time is analogous to how he or she handles his or her life. Now that globalization has set in, time management is no longer an individualistic concern. Through the years, various business organizations have readily launched programs and trainings that would address time management problems. This situation can be attributed to the fact that efficient time utilization increases one’s productivity and has been instrumental in improving â€Å"service delivery (Politt, 2008).† Brooks and Schofield (1996) also implied that time management contributes to successful â€Å"product developments.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another importance of time management can be observed in balancing critical life endeavors to achieve one’s goals (Harvard Business School, 2005). It is a discipline of controlling one’s life through efficient allocation of time (Harvard Business School, 2005). When personal goals are achieved, this translates to satisfaction and high performance. This is most especially true as for the case of many employees who are constantly exposed to stressful and pressure-driven working environments. Time management can therefore aid executives in helping their subordinates realize and attain their personal goals via creating more flexible yet highly productive working arrangements and setting good examples (Line, 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darryl Davis (2003) also asserted that time management is more of an attitude-related issue than plain technical task. Time management is an issue of one’s willingness to utilize time more efficiently. It is a matter of creating concrete decisions in terms of prioritizing tasks and establishing attainable work schedules. With this regard, effective time management and positive outlook enable employees to experience a balanced life (Davis, 2003). Business companies, in return, can maximize their potentials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ruth Klein (2005) also supported Davis’ contentions, stating that balancing priorities requires full determination to execute all the planned changes. These changes should be then incorporated in a serious time management effort (Klein, 2005). Time is so precious that if one is able to spend his or her time wisely through effective and efficient time management, it is as same as keeping gold bars in a vault. They say time is gold, but the truth is time is life itself. People live their lives by the ticking of the clock. Time also determines the success and failures of many companies. Under this context, time presents a double-edged sword. It can be an asset and at the same time, a liability. Therefore, it is highly important for individuals and business organizations alike to establish efficient time management. Time management ensures that tasks are properly executed. Likewise, this also contributes to achieving balance in one’s professional and personal endeavors. Reference List Brooks, B. and Schofield, N. (1996). Time-to-market: time equals money—but where does it   Ã‚   all go?. World Class Design to Manufacture. 2 (6), 4 Harvard Business School (2005). Time management: increase your personal productivity and    effectiveness. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishing. Davis, D. (2003). How to become a power agent in real estate. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc. Klein, R. (2005). Time management secrets for working women: getting organized to get the most out of each day. Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. Line, M (2002). How Should Managers Spend Their Time? Part 2. Library Management. 23   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1./2), 101-102 Politt, D. (2008). ISS rises to the challenge of effective HR Management. Human Resource   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management International Digest. 16 (2), 34-35 Mancini, M. (2003). Time Management. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc.

Needs Theories

1. INTRODUCTION Motivation is an important element in organizational learning due to its ability to enable employees to function effectively. There are several theories of motivation which can be useful to managers in motivating employees of organizations. You may ask yourself what motivation is. Well, motivation is that drive you have within you to get something done, what drives you to work as much as you do, for example, a student will want an A in a test, he will be motivated to study hard and achieve that A.It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. Motivation stems from psychological factors within the person, but can also be induced by factors in the workplace. In human resource management it is essential to know how workers inputs via their task inputs and inputs via superiors can be conductive to worker effectiveness. Motivation is a process that involves the purposiveness of behaviour. Factors that have been shown by research include externa l and internal activators.In this assignment we will outline important motivation theories and how they are used in the workplace. Motivation theories seek to 2. MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS Peoples’ needs are arranged according to its importance of human survival. Human needs may be placed in a hierarchy where the lowest level contains the most basic needs, which must be satisfied before the higher order needs emerge and become motivators of behaviour. The needs of the hierarchy are as follows, psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego/esteem needs and self-actualization needs.Psychological needs: These are the basic needs for a human which are essential for a human beings biological functioning and survival. Examples would be food, water and warmth. Employees who are adequately paid can provide for these needs. Safety needs: As soon as the psychological needs are satisfied, another level of needs emerge and the importance of the previous level of needs disappear. In this level a person looks for security, stability and a safe environment. Many employees’ most important need is job security; other security factors include increases in salary and benefits.Social needs: Once a person feels secure in their surroundings and are in control of possible threats, social needs are activated. These include the need for love, acceptance, friendship and a sense of belonging. At this level, employees desire social relationships inside and outside the organization. Peer group acceptance within the workplace is often an important psychological need for employees. Ego/esteem needs: These needs may be divided into two groups namely, self- respect and self-esteem, the respect and approval of others.Once employees form friendships the need for self-esteem becomes priority. Needs, such as self-confidence, independence, recognition, appreciation and achievement all fall under this level. Organizational factors such as job title, status items within the organ ization, such as parking spaces or office size and level of responsibility become important to the employee. Self- actualization: If all the above mentioned needs are largely satisfied, people than spend their time searching for opportunities to apply their skills to the best of their ability.Maslow describes the needs as the desire to become more and more what one is and to become everything one is capable of becoming. Self-actualization is the uninhibited expression of your true self and your talents. Employees seek challenging and creative jobs to achieve self-actualization. This theory has many implications for individual performance, the most common strategy being motivating people in terms of service benefits and job security. The work people do and the way the work environment is designed, increases interaction between employees which helps satisfy social needs.However, disadvantages pertaining to this may result in excessive socialization and may have a negative effect on th e employees work output (NEL P. S et al,2004). If a person’s work is directly associated with need satisfaction, then that person becomes self-regulating, making the roles of external incentives become less significant as motivators. As one level of need is met, a person moves onto the next level of need as a source of motivation. Hence, people progress up the hierachy as they successively gratify each level if need(Nelson Q, 2011) (http://upload. ikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs. png) 3. HERTZBURGS TWO FACTOR THEORY Herzberg's Two Factor Theory is a â€Å"content theory† of motivation† (the other main one is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs). Herzberg analysed the job attitudes of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked to recall when they had felt positive or negative at work and the reasons why. From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction, these were hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene Factors:Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid dissatisfaction at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include: * Company policy and administration * Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration * Quality of supervision * Quality of inter-personal relations * Working conditions * Feelings of job security Motivator Factors: Motivator factors are based on an individual's need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction.If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: * Status * Opportunity for advancement * Gaining recognition * Responsibility * Challenging / stimulating work * Sense of personal achievement & personal growth in a job There is some similarity between Herzberg's and Maslow's models. Th ey both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e. g. elf-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed. Applying Hertzberg's model to de-motivated workers These few examples indicate de-motivated employees in the workplace: * Low productivity * Poor production or service quality * Strikes / industrial disputes / breakdowns in employee communication and relationships * Complaints about pay and working conditions According to Herzberg, management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect.He suggested three ways in which this could be done: * Job enlargement: It is a human resource practice used to motivate employees in a particular position. A job is enlarged horizontally through the addition of new responsibilities and diverse duties. * Job rotation: A system of working in which employees work in a range of jobs in a company so that they have different types of work to do and understand the organization better, it can help employers by keeping employees from getting bored and looking for another job. Job enrichment: Motivating employees through expanding job responsibilities and giving increased control over the total production process. Employees normally receiving training and additional support as well as increased input in procuderes. 4. VROOMS EXPECTANCY MOTIVATION THEORY Whereas Maslow and Herzberg look at the relationship between internal needs and the resulting effort expended to fulfil them, Vroom's expectancy theory separates effort (which arises from motivation), performance, and outcomes.Vroom's expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Vroom realized that an employee's performance is based on individual factors such as persona lity, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. He stated that effort, performance and motivation are linked in a person's motivation. He uses the variables Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence to account for this. Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance i. e. f I work harder then this will be better. This is affected by such things as: 1. Having the right resources available (e. g. raw materials, time) 2. Having the right skills to do the job 3. Having the necessary support to get the job done (e. g. supervisor support, or correct information on the job) Instrumentality is the belief that if you perform well that a valued outcome will be received. The degree to which a first level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. i. e. if I do a good job, there is something in it for me. This is affected by such things as: 1.Clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes – e. g. the rules of the reward â €˜game' 2. Trust in the people who will take the decisions on who gets what outcome 3. Transparency of the process that decides who gets what outcome Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome. For the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example, if someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value offers of additional time off.The theory has three key elements or concepts that it uses: 1. Performance-outcome expectancy: This means that the individual belives that every behaviour is connected to an outcome, and different levels of that behaviour can be connected to different levels of the outcome. 2. Value: With regard to that, the attractiveness of that outcome depends on the individual, for one, the outcome may be a highly values reward whereas for another, it could be perceived as a punishment. 3. Effort-Performance expectancy: Lastly, individuals evealuate the effort-pe rformance expectancy relationship.In essence, the employee asks himself whether he will be able to perform a specific task and translates those perceptions to probabilies of success. He or she then chooses the behaviours' that have the highest likelihood of success. Crucially, Vroom's expectancy theory works on perceptions, so even if an employer thinks they have provided everything appropriate for motivation, and even if this works with most people in that organisation, it doesn't mean that someone won't perceive that it doesn't work for them. It could equally apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome.For example, one recycles paper because they think it's important to conserve resources and take a stand on environmental issues (valence); they think that the more effort they put into recycling the more paper they will recycle (expectancy); and they think that the more paper they recycle then less resources will be used (instrumentalit y). Thus, Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation is not about self-interest in rewards but about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes. 5. ADAMS EQUITY THEORYJohn Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioural psychologist, put forward his Equity Theory on job motivation in 1963. There are similarities with interpretation of previous simpler theories of Maslow, Herzberg and other pioneers of workplace psychology, in that the theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect each individual's assessment and perception of their relationship with their work, and thereby their employer. One of the most important issues in motivation is how people view their contributions to the organization and what they get from it.Ideally, they will view their relationship with the employer as a well-balanced, mutually beneficial exchange. As peope work, they realize their consequences of their actions, develop beliefs about outcomes and asses how fairly the organization treats them(Snell A. S. & Batemen T. S 1999, Management:Building Competetive Advantage). The Adams' Equity Theory model therefore extends beyond the individual self, and incorporates influence and comparison of other people's situations – for example colleagues and friends – in forming a comparative view and awareness of Equity, which commonly manifests as a sense of what is fair.When people feel fairly or advantageously treated they are more likely to be motivated, when they feel unfairly treated they are highly prone to feelings of disaffection and demotivation. The way that people measure this sense of fairness is at the heart of Equity Theory. Equity, and thereby the motivational situation we might seek to assess using the model, is not dependent on the extent to which a person believes reward exceeds effort, nor even necessarily on the belief that reward exceeds effort at all.Rather, Equity, and the sens e of fairness which commonly underpins motivation, is dependent on the comparison a person makes between his or here reward/investment ratio with the ratio enjoyed (or suffered) by others considered to be in a similar situation. Equity Theory reminds us that people see themselves and crucially the way they are treated in terms of their surrounding environment, team, system, etc – not in isolation – and so they must be managed and treated accordingly.Some people reduce effort and application and become inwardly disgruntled, or outwardly difficult, recalcitrant or even disruptive. Other people seek to improve the outputs by making claims or demands for more reward, or seeking an alternative job. 6. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY A theory of human needs more advanced than Maslow’s theory is Alderfers ERG theory, meaning that Maslows theory has general applicability whereas Adelfer aims his theory at understanding peoples needs at work.Aldelfers theory builds on some of Maslows thinking but reduces the number of universal needs from five to three and is more flexible in terms of movememy in levels. Like Maslow, Alderfer also believes that needs can be arranged in a heirachy. The ERG theory infers that there are three sets of needs: * Extintence needs are all material and psychological desires. * Relatedness needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings. Growth needs motivate people to productivity or creatively change themselves or their environment. ERG theory proposes that several needs can be operating at once, whereas Maslow assumes that lower-level needs must be satisfied begore a higher-level need is a motivator. Alderfer lifts this restiction. Accordning to the ERG theory, a higher-level need can be a motivator even if a lower-level need is not fully satisfied, hence several needs can be operating at once. Maslow would say that self-actualization is important to people only after other sets of needs are satisfied.Aldelfer maintains that people can be motivated to satisfy both existence and growth needs at the same time. Alderfer agrees that as lower level needs are satisfied, a worker becomes motivated to satisfy higher-level needs, but he breaks down with Maslow on the consequences of need-frustration. Maslow says that once a lower-level need is satisfied, it is no longer a source of motivation, whereas Alderfer suggests that when an individual is motivated to satisfy a higher-level need but has difficulty doing so, the motivation to satisfy lower-level needs becomes higher.To see how this works, lets look at a middle manager in a manufacturing firm whose relatedness needs(lower-lvel needs) are satidfied. The manager is currently motivated to try and satisfy her growth needs but finds this difficult to do so as she has been in the same position for the past five years. She is extremely skilled and knowlegable about the job and the fact that she has too much work and responsibiliies already leave her no time to pursue anything new or exciting. Essentially, the managers motivation to satisfy her growth needs are being frustrated because of the nature of her job.Alderfer postulates that this frustration will increase the managers motivation to satsfy a lower-levelneed such as relatedness. As a result of this motivation, the manager becomes more concerned about interpersonal relations at work and continually seeks honest feedback from her colleagues. Both Maslows and Alderfers theories have practical value in that they remind managers the type of reinforcers or rewards that can be used to motivate people. (http://www. envisionsoftware. com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory. gif) 7. McCLELLANDS NEEDS THEORY The theory was developed by David McClelland and his associates.It focuses on three needs, achievement, power and affiliation. Achievement is characterized by a strong orientation towards accomplishment and an obession wit h success and goal attainment. It is a drive to excel and to achieve set standards. Challening work motivates them and they take personal responsibility for success or failure. They like to set goals that require stretching themselves a little and have a drive to succeed, they strive for achievement rather than rewards. They wish to do something better or more efficiently than it has been done before.The people with this need look for situations where they can attain peronal responsibility for finding solutions to problems , in which they can get quick feedback of their performance so they can determine whether they are improving or not. This helps them to set their goals. The need for power is a desire to influence or contol other people. This need can be a negetive force which is termed personalizes power, if its expressed through aggressive minipulation and exploiting others, these people want power only to achieve their own personal goals.However the need for power can also be s een in a positive manner which is called socialized power because it can be be conducted towards the constructive improvement of organizations ans societies. It is basically the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. Individuals with a high need of power prefer to be placed into competitive and status-orientated situations and tend to be more concerned with prestige than with effective performance. Affiliation reflects a strong desire to be liked by other people such as your colleagues nd anoyone you may be working with. Individuals who have a high level of this need are more orientated towards getting along with others and may be less concerned with performing at high levels. These types of individuals are usually very social and friendly. The need for affliation is not important for management and leadership success as one would find it difficult to make tough but necessary decisions which will make some people unhappy. They prefer cooperat ive situations rather than competitive ones and desire relationships that involve a high degree of mutual understanding. . McGREGORS THEORY OF X AND Y Douglas McGreggors theory of X and Y is a management based style of theory that tries to expalin different management styles and leadership behaviour within the workplace. McGreggor proposed that the organizations leaders and the organization as a whole has different views on the skills and motivation of the employees of the organization. These potential views can be described as Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X With Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees. People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. * People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives. * People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition. * People seek security above all else. Theory Y With Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. * Work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy). * Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. * People learn to accept and seek responsibility. * Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. * People have potential. McGreggor did not see these theories as mutually exclusive and believed that managers could use these theories simultaneously.He compared his theory with Maslow’s where he put Maslow's higher needs and Theory X together and lower needs to Theory X. This proposes that people who are seeking higher needs, such as self-actualization, are motivated by a Theory Y lead er, whereas people who don’t have work-related needs are motivated by Theory X leadership style. 9. CONCLUSION In conclusion, It is therefore essential for organizations to look for and employ people who â€Å"fit† into the values of the organization and are able to function according to organizational values.Organizations must also have suitable managers who have the ability to coach and mentor their employees to deliver optimally. Enhanced leadership enables managers to motivate their employees to produce the best possible skills and practices in human resources. Research confirms the importance of motivation in leading employees and influencing them to stimulate and energize people so that they â€Å"work towards organizational goals†. Researchers have placed great importance on the responsibility of managers â€Å"to create a proper climate in which employees can develop to their fullest potential†.All these motivational theories have played a pivotal role in helping managers achieve the best results, and also helped undestand how important motivation is. Motivation thoeries give a broader explanation about how people perceive their work and lives, and how they use these insights to motivate themselves and grow, as people as well as in their jobs. 10. LIST OF REFERENCES NELSON, Q. (2011), Principles of Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition, Place: South-Western Cengage Learning LUTHANS, F. (1998), Organizational Behaviour, 8th Edition. Place: McGraw-Hill Irwin. GEORGE, J.M and JONES, G. R. (2002), Organizational Behaviour, 3rd Edition, Place:Prentice Hall. MULLENS, L. J( 2010),Management and Organizational Behaviour, 9th Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ANTHONY, W. P et al(1999), Human Resource Management: A strategic approach, 3rd Edition, Place: Hartcourt College Publishers. BERGH,Z and THERON,A. (2006). Psychology in the work context, 3rd Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ROBBINS, S. P. (2003). Organizational Behaviour, 10th Editi on. Place: Prentice Hall. ROSENFELD,R. H and WILSON,D. C(2004). Managing Organizations, 2nd Edition. Place: Oxford.

Health and social care for leadership and management Essay

Health and social care for leadership and management - Essay Example An extensive review of the literature on management and leadership of health and social care confirms that effective leadership and management is essential for health and social care provision. Both the management and leadership ensure higher quality, consistent safety, and streamlined efficiency. Effective leadership is essential for driving health and social care delivery. The care manager needs to have the ability to exercise the leadership skills that required in their job role for effective and efficient management of care. The health and social care provision success or failure depends upon the leaders. All care professionals are considered to play an important part in leading in some certain aspects of care. The National Health Services UK The UK National Health Services was established in 1948 in the aftermath of the Second World War. During this time, healthcare was a luxury, and not everyone could afford it. However, it was based on the principles that everyone was eligible for care. Since then, NHS has undergone a lot of changes and transformations. The National Health Service delivers healthcare to a total population of over 62 million people in the United Kingdom. According to Gopee & Galloway, NHS’s total expenditure amounted to  £106 billion out of the total public expenditure of approximately  £700 billion for the UK. Therefore, the total expenditure on healthcare accounts for 16 percent of the total annual expenditure for the United Kingdom. NHS plays a key role in providing leadership in the health.   ... Despite this desirability, the theory faces criticism from C.L. Graeff, who claims that there is conceptual ambiguity that limits the practical application of the theory’s prescriptive model. One such problem is the situational leadership theorist’s argument that a motivated person without ability is less mature than an unmotivated person with ability is, against which a number of logical arguments could be made (Graeff, 1983, p. 287). Situational leadership, which attempts to impose categorical classifications onto people and groups, often fails in empirical support as well. Task-relevant maturity suffers from conceptual ambiguity and thus offers little help in a real-life approach to solving management and leadership problems (Graeff, 1983, p. 290). Escaping the kinds of theoretical problems with situation leadership, some theorists prefer to discuss a notion of â€Å"transformational leadership.† Transformational, in this case, refers to the idea that leadersh ip should inspire and cause change in individuals as well as institutions. This notion of transformation first arose in 1978 with the writings of James MacGregor Burns, who defined the concept as â€Å"a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents† (Wren, 1995, p. 102). Defined in another way, transformation means not only instilling a new idea and motivation in one’s followers, but to empower them to become leaders (and proselytizers) themselves. In addition, leaders are turned into â€Å"moral agents,† by which Burns means they advance from one stage of development to another, fulfilling their higher human needs for esteem and

MGT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGT - Essay Example FoldRite Furniture Company was started in the year 1986. The company has been operation with the management being involved in a number of initiatives that have been aimed at its continued growth and profitability. The company operated in a very competitive environment and there was always a need to be more innovative in order to stay ahead. In 2006, there was a change in ownership which warranted some changes in management. However, the company had experienced a growth rate of over 3.5% from 1999 to 2006. This is evidenced by the increase in revenues from $47.5M to $60.3M. This recorded growth was well above that of the industry at the time. However, the company had a cyclic nature at this time as there was a growth and decline sort of scenario which was occasioned by a financial turmoil and loss of yields and general decline in productivity occasioned by high staff turnover. The turnover of staff meant that the company was mainly reliant on the inexperienced staff members at most ti mes. There was also an increase in the production lead time and increased margins. In 2007, the company began undergoing a transformation that was started when a new CEO was recruited. The new CEO, Marshal Epstein only made two changes to the structure of the organization and these proved to be vital in its rejuvenation. The first major change was that he reduced the number of products that the company offered while at the same time embarked on the consolidation of manufacturing. The other major change was that he reduced the lead time to a maximum of a fortnight and also made sure that the shipping policy was changed to reflect only two days. Despite the recession in the latter years, the company was profitable in 2009. FoldRite has a very dynamic market structure and although the demand for their products is seasonal, they have managed to spread out and rely on a large market base. Currently, the largest market segment is the

Writing a Management Report for the Case Company Zenith PM Essay

Writing a Management Report for the Case Company Zenith PM - Essay Example It also discusses the potential impact that Zenith PM would have to face as a result of the change in the method of construction. Additionally, the paper also confers how the company can carry out the implementation of offsite manufacturing in addition to the issue it would have to emphasis on for a smooth transition. Conclusively, the paper also presents all the risk management issues that Zenith PM needs to consider while exercising the approach offsite manufacturing. 1. Introduction The declining level of housing supply in the UK together with a huge increase in the number of households (Barker, 2003; DETR, 2000; ODPM, 2005), has led to an heightened requirement for new housing across the nation. This lead to widespread concerns, as to whether the traditional construction processes would be able to fulfil the mounting housing demand in addition to meeting the elevated quality standards (Barker, 2003; Housing Forum, 2002; ODPM, 2003). Consequently there have been extensive calls for the implementation of offsite manufacturing. Various reviews have recommended that the offsite manufacturing approach could both develop the quality of construction and counterbalance the effect of skills deficiencies in the construction industry. The UK Government had coined the term Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) to depict a number of modernizations and improvements in house building. A vast majority of these innovations are offsite manufacturing approaches, moving work from t he production location to the factory (Gibb, 1999). Many researchers have widely considered the advantages from the exercise of such technologies (Gibb, 1999; Housing Forum, 2002; Parry et al., 2003; Sparksman et al., 1999; Venables et al., 2004) and they principally take account of reductions in expenditure, time, faults, health as well as safety risks and ecological impact in addition to a resulting amplification in predictability, performance and earnings. Offsite manufacturing system is highly recognized in the United Kingdom. As a result, actions to support the implementation and acceptance of offsite construction techniques in the UK construction industry are substantial, consisting of a number of research initiatives, groups of practice and government endorsed forums. During the period 1997 to 2001, the UK government had been put in around ?5 million in research projects that were related to offsite construction and manufacturing. The industry funding into the modern methods of construction, during the same period of time was also approximately around ?5 million, making the cumulative funding in this field equivalent to ?10 million (Gibb, 2001). 2. Offsite Manufacturing Offsite manufacturing is a significant category of modern methods of construction. It can be referred to the segment of production procedure that is completed away from the location of the building in industrial units. Some of the examples of off-site manufacturing are panel building systems, modular construction, hybrid and sub-assemblies & components (Building Research Establishment, 2009). The panel building systems consist of walls, roofs and floors in the structure of flat pre-engineered panels. These panels are manufactured on site to build up the box like essentials of the construction, after

College writing- bodybuilding and steroid Research Paper

College writing- bodybuilding and steroid - Research Paper Example In this way, the athletes struggle, and perpetual desire to perform at the height of their abilities is how the spectator believes they integrate with the game or performance in question. Sadly, as has been exhibited over the past few decades, athletes are more than willing to go beyond the bounds of ethics and morality and dope themselves with performance enhancing drugs/steroids as a function to perform beyond the abilities that normal training and everyday dedication can yield. Such a decision has more than one set of drawbacks. As such, the first of these is the moral and ethical drawback that the athlete is ultimately not achieving whatever level of success they do based upon their own natural abilities but rather based upon the unnatural and unethical use of chemicals that do not exist within their body. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, is the fact that the athletes are doing irrevocable harm to their bodies for but a few brief moments of hoped fame that this will engend er. Accordingly, this brief essay will seek to discuss and draw a level of inference upon these two factors as a way of understanding what the effects of steroid use can ultimately portend for the athlete’s morality as well as general health. Firstly, the issue of morality and ethics must be considered. This particular consideration is important due not only to the fact that the use of steroids and other performance enhancing drugs allows the athlete to perform beyond his/her natural abilities but due to the fact that the use of these substances represents a dishonest image of the sportsman to the end spectator and/or viewer (Stephan, 2007). This is not truly the singular fault of the athlete but also a fault of the way in which our current society seeks to place its athletes and celebrities on something of a pedestal of perfection. In such a sense, it becomes inconceivable for society to understand that the athlete, something of the current idol and/or god, could

The Concept of Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Concept of Total Quality Management - Essay Example One example of such organizations with ideal TQM environments was Xerox under the leadership of David Kearns, who served as its CEO from 1982 to 1990. What Kearns did for the downward spiraling company became a landmark in the history of quality management. Henceforth, this essay will endeavor to examine Kearns’ role as a quality leader in Xerox, his management approach and the applicability and certain processes of such approach, and finally, the issues that followed Kearns’ administration. David Kearns’ assumption as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in 1982 was not without eventualities. Before bringing quality into the forefront of management, Kearns had to confront â€Å"skepticism and resistance† (Pfeffer, 1992, p.317). There was already a fixed mindset among top managers that Xerox was a world-class corporation and therefore need not change. Kearns said of his time as a leader: â€Å"One of the main things I learned at Xerox is that radical change in any organization is incredibly painful. In the language of change theorists, we were moving between several different states† (Kearns & Harvey, 2000, p.79). When statistics finally provided evidence of the company’s bad performance, Kearns and his management team formulated an integrated bottom-up and top-down TQM approach focused on increasing customer satisfaction and striking a balance between quality processes and quality outcomes. The approach was governed by the Leadership through a Quali ty policy which revolved around four areas or goals where quality must be directed: customer, employee, the business, and process. This holistic policy â€Å"radically changed† Xerox’s business outlook. Throughout the whole ordeal, Kearns’ thought of himself as the â€Å"captain of a sinking ship.† When he became CEO, he believed Xerox was already on the brink of going under due to unsolved internal and external problems  (Novgorod State University, n.d.; Kretchmar, 1992).  

Argumentative Research Paper on Gun Control Essay - 1

Argumentative Research Paper on Gun Control - Essay Example Americans generally feels that some gun control is necessary, however, people argue to what degree "Control" is necessary without taking their right to keep and own guns, the focus is then, is the right to own a guns is a inalienable right as outlined by the 2nd Amendment, "the right to keep and own a gun should not be infringed upon. Kleck and Kates (2001) have argued that â€Å"handguns are actually used by victims to repel crime far more often than they are by criminals in committing crimes - as much as three times more† (Kleck and Kates p.16). They have also pointed out that â€Å"Liberal allowances of concealed handgun carry by thirty one states have coincided with a reduction of thousands of murders, rapes and other violent crimes in those states† (Kleck and Kates p.17). Many people are of the view that the crime rates in America could be reduced with the help of gun control. They are forgetting the fact that the situation would be worse if the public deprived the opportunity to own a gun for their self defense. Gun control legislatures may prevent the public from owing a gun for self defense; however, these laws may not prevent criminals from owing or using guns for executing their missions. In other words, the absence of guns in the hands of general public for self defense will serve as a bl essing for the criminals in executing their plots easily. It is because of the above fact that public opinion polls consistently show their opinions against gun control laws. â€Å"Most Americans are skeptical that gun control can do much about crime and particularly dubious about the likelihood of disarming criminals through gun control† (Kleck and Kates p.112) â€Å"People also insist even if you do have gun laws it will not help control all the violence. They say there are still knives and weapons that can kill also† (Against Gun Control). Gun is not the only weapon used by people

Policy research memo Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Policy memo - Research Paper Example ld Left Behind Act was meant to assure the quality of education and develop accountability it seems that its goals are attainable and beyond the scope of the law. The No Child Left Behind Act meant to model education among children from disadvantaged backgrounds and to ensure that irrespective of race, colour or health status, each child had the right to access to quality education. The policy required that the performance of the students be assessed from time to time to ensure that children performed well between 2rd grade and 8th grade (Olivert 23-27). The ability of the policy to set the standards of education and find ways of measuring performance is an important aspect of ensuring that all students become responsible citizens. To ensure that all students, including those from struggling families performed well, the policy stated that all student who do not attain the minimum score be provided with extra tuition or have their study time extended. This would go on until they attain they attain the benchmark grades to proceed with their education. This is crucial in ensuring that all students get good grades to acquire employment despite an y economic constraints. To maintain accountability, the Act required that the teachers regularly report on the performance of students and provide results at the each of year. The Act achieved accountability by compelling the teachers to account for the performance of the student throughout the learning process. The teachers had to monitor the students’ results every time to ensure that all children achieve good grades (Roberts 12). The Act required that the schools and the district boards provide detailed report cards to the parents reflecting the performance of every child. Secondly, the NCLB Act required that strict measures be taken against teachers who do not deliver in terms of education performance in schools. The extreme measures include the change of the worker structure in the learning institutions. The policy

History of Indian art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Indian art - Research Paper Example 2000 years ago the Indian sub continent came under the rule of the Kushans and during this period we see the first images of Buddha in stone and plaster. These sculptures were made for shrines and monasteries in the Gandhara region and the city of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh. The sculptures particularly from Gandhara show a distinct Hellenistic influence which involves naturalistic depiction of human body, rich draperies that define the rounded shape of the body, symbolic postures, use of Halo behind the head and clear hand gestures like meditating, teaching and protecting. Buddha’s face is shown with expressions of tranquility and inner satisfaction. He has clearly modeled fish shaped eyes, straight nose, elongated earlobes and curly hair tied in a bun. Gandhara region also shows sculptures of Buddha as a royal figure with moustache, flowing hair, adorned with jewelry, dressesd in robes and sandals with clarity of facial expression. Apart from free standing sculptures of Buddha, we also find reliefs showing Buddha along with his devotees in meditation, scenes of sermon, and stories from the life of young Buddha, female Yakshi figures along with Buddha. 3 Central Indian temples are also known for their depictions of sexual scenes in sculptural reliefs of couples known as Mithunas. We often find these Mithunas in various Indian temples showing love making scenes since it was regarded as a divine practice. The women are always shown with full breasts, narrow waist and ample hips adorned with bangles and necklaces. 3Short essay on the Sculpture of Gupta age One of the most prominent sculptures of North India is the Lion Capital of Ashoka, Sarnath and it gives a hint of the grandeur of Mauryan Empire. The Kushana kings encourage the gandhara artists to make sculptures of Buddha’s life and jatakas. Excavations also show mythical figures and animals like atlantes, tritons, dragons and sea serpents. Sculptures are also decorated with acanthus, laurel and vi ne, Indian motifs, lion heads and lotus petals. Though we now see representation of Buddha in human form but still him symbolic interpretation was used alongside in the form of white elephant, boddhi tree, lotus flower, bull, chakra etc. We also find many sculptures of the highly adorned Bodhisattvas or Buddha as a prince before Nirvana. Gupta style: The Gupta style is said to have no foreign influence but is purely Indian in nature and existed during the time of Gupta dynasty 4th century AD. During this period sculptures flourished in aesthetics and accuracy. The prominent names sites for Gupta sculptures

My experience Essay Example for Free

My experience Essay Over the summer, I took a trip to Mission Beach with my family and friends as we do every summer and Christmas break. Each year we always take a night to go to our favorite restaurant, Tower 21. The refreshing atmosphere, top-notch service, and mouth watering food is what we come back for and they never fail to meet our expectations. This last experience, however, was different than what we were expecting. My family and I were all very ecstatic about getting dressed up and eating delicious food after our long week of burgers and hotdogs by the campfire. When we pulled up to the valet for the restaurant we were greeted with a smile and a quick valet parking process. This was not something out of the ordinary, more of something expected. As we entered the entrance of the restaurant, again, we were greeted with friendly faces that immediately sat us at our reserved table. Our waitress then came to our table and introduced herself very nicely, just as we expected. The beginning of our meal went exceptionally well. Our waitress and bus boy even had a few personal conversations with my family making us feel even more comfortable at the restaurant. But once again, this was something that we always had the pleasure of enjoying when it came to the guest service. After our appetizers were finished, that was when the whole experience changed. Around the corner we could all see our entrees coming our way. The entrees were served with happy faces all around the table. After our waitress made sure everything had come to the table, she went back to her other tables. Each of us began to cut into our steaks in front of us. Immediately you could see disappointment on a few of my family members faces. What they expected to be a perfectly medium rare steak ended up being a medium well steak. At this moment our â€Å"experience† turned to a downward slope. My father called over the waitress to tell her about our complaint. She apologized for the over cooked steaks and had them sent back to the kitchen for new ones. The manager of the restaurant along with our waitress brought over the brand new steaks to make sure they were properly cooked. Of course, this time they were even better than perfect.

Personal and professional skills, my weaknesses and strengths

Personal and professional skills, my weaknesses and strengths This report is to examine my personal and professional skills, to identify my weaknesses and strengths and make some personal plans on how to improve and enhance them. Activity 1: Personal Skills Review Decision Making Everyday and every step of the way we are making decision, one way or another. Decision making involves risks, and I would say that it is one of my weaknesses. It could be the culture or the familial orientation I have, where decision making is the responsibility of the father or the husband in the family. I know I have a good understanding and better judgement when it comes to assessing certain situations, but my skills in decision making is not exercised. I want to develop that skill but I had no confidence in voicing out my opinion in the workplace and at home. As Pettinger (2001) said it is impossible to predict with certainty the outcome of decisions, but it is possible to take certain steps to assess the possible range of outcomes. In decision making, it is always coupled with certain risks that the decision maker has to undergo. I should be able to handle and cope with the outcome of the decision I make. I should be prepared to face what could possibly be the outcome of my decisions. There should be an alternative plan if anything goes wrong. Careful planning must be considered before coming up with a decision in order to avoid negative results. I should study and analyse important information relative to the planned activities before making a decision in order to lessen if not to avoid pitfalls in decision making. Taking ample time to review planned activities is one of the best strategies for the managers and supervisors to consider in ensuring successful outcomes. I should enhance my skills in decision making by participating in the planning of activities at home and in the workplace. I lack the determination and the courage for fear of making failures and blamed for it. The lack of courage to stand up and said my piece has shunned all the good opportunities that had come my way. I should try to develop confidence and take some risks in order to achieve what I wanted to accomplish with my life. Effective Communication As an individual I believe that effective communication keeps a healthy personal or professional relationship with the people I am interacting with, be it at home, at work or in any circumstances where my personal opinion is required. There are a lot of ways to communicate and it is not only the idea of transmitting my message but also how I deliver the message effectively. It is clear therefore, that it is not just the words stated or written that are important, but also (Pettinger, 2001): The ways they are spoken or written The context in which they are spoken or written The relationship between those giving and those receiving What is not stated or written What is precise What is deliberately vague Effective communication elicits good relations, improves the quality of life, motivates people and therefore yields better interpersonal relationship at home and at work. In my personal experience, I am successful in transmitting messages verbally and get feedback promptly. I have a good skill in verbal communication and consider this as one of my strengths. It is an advantage, I would say, because I was able to help the small business of my husband and his brother. I may not be a part of the decision making process concerning the business but I was able to attract customers through my ability to communicate effectively. My personal strategy is listening to suggestions made by clients; listen to questions raised before giving my personal opinion about the situation. This could open communication line between me and the customers and create friendly relationship and gain their loyalty and patronage. Negotiating Skills John Hayes (2002) said that we are all negotiators. Negotiation is a process of joint decision making in which people with different preferred outcomes interact in order to resolve. Negotiating is the process of coming to terms of agreement considering the factors of personal relationship, the status, gender, racial, and age differences, reputation, expectations, timing and work pressure. It is the art of discussing with another party to come up with agreeable terms such as determining what I and that of the other party wants and dont want for a particular situation. It is the understanding of what is acceptable to me and for the other party and what is not acceptable. Negotiating is a two-way process. You take and benefit without having the other party being disadvantaged. I have a personal talent in negotiating things and I have applied it to help the business run by my husband and his brother. I build rapport with our clients and customers. Negotiation is a win-win process. In situations like this when the customer demands some things and services relative to the business, I am in the frontline to deal with the situation. I see to it that the demands of the customers will be granted without compromising the generated profit of the company. When customers start to negotiate, they have already in mind the kind of benefit they hoped to get. In negotiating I have to be pleasant in dealing with the person I am making a deal with but sometimes I have to be a little bit aggressive but not intimidating to protect my own desired outcomes. My skill in negotiating has helped a lot in the success of our small business. I gained not only customers but also good friends. My communication skills improved my ability to interact with the people I am dealing with in e veryday life. Even in my own home I practice how to negotiate because children are very good negotiators. It is not giving the desires of the other party while my own interest suffers and vice versa. There is always a common ground of agreement to achieve that would benefit both negotiating parties and that is where my skill in negotiating will take place. Activity 2: Professional Skills Review Coaching Skills Coaching is assessing the people and organizational needs and provided them with the necessary knowledge, skills and expertise to achieve organizational goals. A coach or a mentor is an advisor who guides the person to perform better or to learn new techniques on how to do task effectively. A manager in an organization will help improve the working performance of the employees if the manager possesses the skill on how to coach. Coaching is more than just imparting your ideas, skills and knowledge to your subordinates. According to Zeus, P and Skiffington, S. (2002) coaching also focuses on function and performance of an individual; builds rapport and listening, questioning and reflecting skills; use goal setting and action plan. It is also monitoring the extent of their progress and assesses the area the learner still need to improve. The employees of the Parts and Services Company produce very good services to their clients because they are very skilled in their craft. They have acq uired their skill thru their managers who are very patient in introducing some new skills to them. A good performance reflects a good coach. Employees will have a high regard for themselves if they know the details of how a certain task is done. A productive employee will also produce good results and the credit will go to the manager who serves as a mentor or coach. An effective coaching will help employees to be motivated to learn more not only for purposes of career advancement but also for the companys objectives to be realized. Employee effectiveness also depends how they are trained skilfully, either by coaching or mentoring, and positive counselling. Learning cannot be applied effectively in the absence of one-on-one follow up from the coach. It is necessary for the manager coach to see how much the employee has learned from the personal training given by putting the learner to practice what he has learned. The coaching technique must vary from person to person because there are fast learner people and some need detailed explanation and information. That is why a good coach must possess the quality of being patient. Leadership Skills Through good mentoring and counselling we can produce good leaders. Wikipedia-Dictionary defined counselling as the provision of assistance and guidance in resolving personal, social or psychological problems and difficulties especially by a trained person on a professional basis. In the other hand, mentoring is a personal development tool helping people to progress and realize its potentials. The managers of Parts and Service Company were not only good in their skills in counselling, but are also good mentors. They identify the employees who have the potentials of becoming good leaders and encouraged and helped them to develop their skills through mentoring and counselling. A good leader must have a flexible personality. Leadership skill is acquired, therefore through practice and experience a manager can be a good and effective leader. The success of an organization depends greatly on the leadership of the people managing it. Leadership is the capacity to influence other people in the organization. A good leader is followed and respected by the people he is working with. Parts and Service Company employees look up to their manager not only because he has contributed much to the achievement of company objectives, but because of his manner in leading the people he is working with. He does not only lead people but he also coaches at the same time, imparting to them his expertise that made him the role model in the organization. He leads by example. The qualities of a good leader is characterized by a having a sense of responsibility, work hard to complete a task, determination to achieve goals, exercise initiative in social situations, self confident, the ability to respond positively to stress and the ability to influence other people. (Bernard Bass, 3rd Edition). Employees are encouraged to find some ways to develop and enhance skills. They are motivated to strive and work hard to be as successful as their leader. A leader who does not care about the welfare of the employees can do nothing to meet organizational objectives set by the management. Employees will not get anything good from leaders that think only of their own personal benefit without considering the welfare of other people in the organization. Good leaders are first to approach their staff to give commendations if the job is satisfactorily done and the first to show concern to those who need encouragement. We always look up to a good and successful leader and we want to be influenced by their ability to handle complex things that led to their success. Their ability to cope with stressful situations, to stand and endure failure, to solve problems in the organization is admirable. Successful leaders have gone through a lot of frustrations but managed to overcome it and boost their confidence as an individual. Multi-Tasking Skills Multi-tasking is the ability of the person to do more than one task all at the same period of time. The employees given the responsibility to do this task must be well trained in performing the tasks in order to complete it in a given time. Multi-tasking saves cost and money but the quality of work may suffer as a result. It can benefit the organization because of reduced cost. Likewise it will benefit the employees because it will develop their knowledge and skills in performing some tasks other than what they are familiar doing. Adjustment in the part of the employees performing multi tasking is difficult if the sudden change is introduced. Multi task require a high degree of skill because the employee is placed in a variety of task that he must be ready to perform and complete. It is difficult for the person doing the multi-tasking but in the long run it is beneficial to the person because it will give him the advantage to be recognized if he performs what is expected of him to do . This will give the employee the chance for career advancement. The person doing multi-tasking must be creative and innovative. But the management must take some caution not to overload the person doing the multi-task. The person might be stressed out and cannot perform well. Poor performance will result to poor productivity. Stressed people have the tendency to get sick that could be avoided. Management must follow up the output of the person doing the multi task to know if the person is capable of doing it and see to it that that the person doing is well trained to avoid problems that can affect the performance of the entire organization. Multi-tasking helps the organization in many ways one of which is the financial cost. The task of two people can be performed by one if there is similarity of function in the task. The quality of output will not be affected if the mentors are religiously following and monitoring the performance of the employees. Counselling is important to give encouragement to the employees with overloaded tasks. Mentoring and counselling is important where multi-tasking is introduced to the organization. Task 2: PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Activity 1: Personal audit I requested two (2) of my friends to help me assess my personal skills and to give me pointers on how to develop my weak points. As decision making is my weakness which I wanted to improve, they have given me their personal opinion on how to develop it. They suggested that I should: Assert if I think that my opinion is worth considering Communicate effectively so that my views will be heard Build my confidence Present relevant points of my opinion Assert to present my good ideas The points they have suggested will help develop and enhance my decision making skill. I have good and better ideas when it comes to family matters. My husband has the authority to make decisions in my home I have the tendency to keep silent. I have to be assertive because I want to be a part in the decisions and plans in my family. I have to enhance my communication skills in order to be heard and respected. And I also need to build my confidence in order to have the courage to assert. B. PERSONAL AUDIT QUESTIONNAIRE Please tick the appropriate option on the following rating scale (1-5), 1 being the weakest and 5 being the strongest. Name: ____________________________ Date: ______________________ 1 2 3 4 5 I am confident to talk in front of many people I can express my ideas well I cannot influence people easily I take responsibility of my actions I cannot manage pressure I cannot give relevant ideas on certain topics I can take risk I cannot solve problems easily C. Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 I am confident to talk in front of many people 1 1 I can express my ideas well l l I cannot influence people easily l l I take responsibility of my actions l l I cannot manage pressure ll I cannot give relevant ideas on certain topics ll I can take risk ll I cannot solve problems easily ll Based on the above answers obtained, it was identified that my skills in decision making is the weak points but I have the potentials to become a good decision maker because I can take responsibility well and take risk if needed. I might be observed to be weak in expressing my ideas, but I know I have good ones. I just have to develop my confidence. Solving problems is always a joint process between me and my husband, and I know I can enhance that skill in time. I will consider the suggestions of my friends in order to develop my personal and professional skills. Activity 2: Progression Plan The SWOT analyses Strengths Weaknesses Communication skills Negotiating Multi-tasking Good learner Confidence Stress Management Decision making Handling Conflict Opportunities Threats My opinion is considered Encouragement from my family Support from friends I have good ideas Culture Environment Level of responsibility Arguments and debates Learning Style Application Honey and Mumford have identified four main learning style preferences, namely: Activist persons who like to be involved in new experiences and new ideas. Reflector persons who like to collect data, and review before presenting conclusions. Theorist persons who adapt and integrate observations into complex and logically sound theories. Pragmatist persons who are more practical by nature; likes concepts that can be applied to their job. My goal is to develop my skill in decision making. It wont be hard for me because I have the determination and the potential to give good ideas. In order to achieve this goal I will use the reflector style of learning identified by Honey and Mumford. This style of learning reflects my qualities being careful, thorough, methodical, thoughtful, good at listening and absorbing information and dont jump to conclusion. My learning process will be fast and easy because different kinds of information are accessible. Monitoring I have to monitor the progress of my learning to know if I have improved or not. I have to identify mistakes incurred in the process so that I will be able to correct them. I will provide for myself a diary or activity planner where I can write activities that will help me strengthen my weaknesses. I should incorporate in my diary or planner activities like: where the learning took place; people involved; reason for undertaking the learning; what was learnt; topics covered and skills developed My family and friends will also help me in the learning process by asking them comments if I have improved skilfully and intellectually. In monitoring I should be able to identify my priorities for personal and professional development. I will also see if there are opportunities for developing my skills. I will create an action plan and evaluate my personal performance. From time to time I will ask a colleague or family member who can honestly assess the progress of my learning. The feedback will help me see the areas I still need to improve and the skills I have to enhance.

The effects of flood damage on everyday life

The effects of flood damage on everyday life Flood is usually an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land and the inflow of tide onto land. Floods are the most frequent and costly natural hazards, causing almost 90 percent of all the damage related to natural disasters. Floods usually cause large-scale loss of human life and wide spread damage to properties. This damage is known as flood damage. Unimaginable damage will be caused to agriculture, thereby affecting the United States planning and this will upset its financial budgeting, thereby slowing down the economy as a whole. The effects of flood damage can be categorized into three types, namely, primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary effects of flood damage include physical damages like damage to bridges, cars, buildings, sewer systems, roadways, and even casualties like people and livestock death due to drowning. The primary effect of floods is due to direct contact with the flood waters. The velocity of water tends to be high in floods and consequently, discharge increases as velocity increases. Because of excess rainfall, the rivers and streams flow with higher velocities wherein they are able to transport larger particles like rocks as suspended load. Such large particles include not only rocks and sediment but during a flood it could also include large objects such as automobiles, houses and bridges. Massive amounts of erosion during the floods can undermine bridge structures, levees, and buildings causing their collapse. During floods, water will also enter human built structures causing water damage. The flood damage to houses include ruining of furniture, damage to the floors and walls of the house and damage to any other item that comes in contact with the water. Automobiles on the roads get stranded in the floods and they get carried away by the flood waters or water enters into the automobile, which results in damage that cannot be easily repaired. The flood water carries sediment as suspended load. As the flood waters recede, the sediments get deposited and things and structures including the interior of buildings usually get covered with a thick layer of stream-deposited mud. Farmlands affected by floods face a huge loss as they usually result in crop loss. Livestock, pets, and other animals are often carried away by the strong currents of the flood water. Humans who get caught in the high velocity flood waters often get drowned. Among the secondary effects of flood damage are the disruption of many essential services like gas and electricity. Flood damage also includes the contamination of the drinking water supply, if sewage treatment plants are flooded. This poses a greater threat because this may result in disease and other health hazards, especially in under developed countries. The public transportation systems may also be disrupted during floods, resulting in shortages of food and other supplies. Tertiary effects of flood damage are generally long-term effects like the location of river channels that may change because of flooding; fewer new channels will develop, leaving the old channels dry. Farmlands with crops get destroyed by the sediment deposition caused by the floods. People may not be able to make it to their workplace due to disruption of services. The floods may also result in destruction of wildlife habitat. Although floods have some advantages, if we look at it in a broader perspective we can conclude that largely, floods cause havoc to life and property of mankind. By following various preventive measures the effects of flood damage can be reduced to a great extent.

Growing Up as an All-American Kid :: Personal Narrative Football Sports Essays

Growing Up as an All-American Kid Growing up is not an easy thing to do. You have no idea what is going on with your body, your emotions change at the drop of a hat, and you sometimes wonder what the point of life is. However, what you do know is that Mercer is planning a party after the game Friday night and you need to be there. This is the way I seem to remember high school when I think about it for a brief second. However, when I sit down and actually give it some thought, I realize that there is so much more about those years I have forgotten about--all of the little things that happened to everyone everyday and those major events that seemed to change my life. Everything that went into making us All-American kids. Growing up in a small mid-western town was exactly like a lot of people imagine it to be. The years kept passing by, but it seemed like nothing ever changed. We went to school, played sports, chased girls, worked on our friend’s father’s farms, and talked about how we couldn’t wait until we graduated so that we could finally move out. Even though we were growing up in a typical town and living typical high school lives, it seemed like so much more. No one cared about anything except what they were going to do that night and there wasn’t a thing anyone could do about it. We were young and alive. I think my football coach referred to it as, â€Å"Being full of piss and vinegar.† Maybe we were, and we might have bitched and moaned, but deep down inside I think we loved every minute of it. From proms and parties, secret crushes and that first kiss, to shooting pool and playing video games, there was always something going on. For me it was as simple as sitting on my best friend’s roof smoking a cigar in the middle of winter, or as difficult as hugging one of my best female friend’s on my front porch while she cried because she was seventeen years old and had just had an abortion. No one knew what was going to happen next, and I think that was part of what made life seem so invigo rating.

hierarchy of Morality :: essays research papers

Excerpt from â€Å"The Immorality of Morals and the Future of Amorality† Most authors seem to promote one or the other of two functions for morality, internal cohesion and external threat. However morality served both equally well. In Darwinism, Dominance and Democracy by Somit and Peterson, the authors state, "Humans are social primates, closely (almost embarrassingly) akin genetically to the chimpanzees and only slightly less so to the gorillas. Working over at least 10 million years, natural selection has endowed the social primates with a predisposition (to understate the matter) for hierarchical social structures. That is, they invariably form groups, troops, tribes, and societies characterized by marked differences in individual status in terms of dominance and submission, command and obedience, and by unequal access to many of the good things of life. This form of morality then serves inclusive fitness; it is there for one reason, to improve the survivability of the tribe. SOMIT AND PETERSON later state, "Indoctrinability, then, toge ther with dominance, hierarchy, and obedience, is one of the innate behavioral capacities and characteristics of our species. As might be expected, in most instances indoctrinability serves to support and reinforce these generally authoritarian tendencies. Under other and fairly special conditions, though, indoctrinability provides a window of opportunity for the acceptance of democratic ideas and of political actions that, if successful, lead to the establishment of a democratic polity." And later, "From a neo-Darwinian perspective, individual selection for indoctrinability in a language-capable species makes sound evolutionary sense. When individuals accept the same values, conflict and violence will be diminished, resulting in a more stable society. From the vantage point of the conforming individual, relative order and tranquility, in turn, are likely to result in greater reproductive success and, hence, inclusive fitness." The idea of morals and values are one of the most debated topics in the world of critical thinking. Life times can be spent philosophizing about the morality of our human race and the shared â€Å"innate† values. Hence forth this excerpt which talks directly (as well as indirectly) about the genealogy of values and morals in a society of humans comparatively to that of nature. There are many ideas brought forth from this paragraph, most stemming from the doctor of the Natural Selection, Charles Darwin. The basis of Darwin’s studies stem from change over a long period of time for the betterment of a group or species. Darwin’s studies that mostly of physiological changes revert to development of needed traits for the increased survival of a group.

Comparing Two Leadership Theories Essay -- Leadership

There are different leadership theories developed throughout the history. Most popular ones are trait theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories, and leader-member exchange (LMX) theory. The author of the post will briefly discuss two theories, Fiedler contingency theory and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), and compare and contrast their strengths and weakness. Fiedler’ model is considered the first highly visible theory to present the contingency approach. It stated that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Fiedler, 1967). Fiedler argued that the leadership style could be indentified by taking a Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) questionnaire he designed. When evaluating a least enjoyed co-worker, a relationship oriented leader scores high in LPC, while a task oriented leader scores low. Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions: leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. A leader will have more control if he has better leader-member relations, high structured job, and stronger position power. The task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations . Feedler views an individual’s leadership style as fixed. To assure leader effectiveness, either situation needs to change to fit the leader or the leader needs to be replaced to fit the situation. But in reality, a leader can not use a homogeneous style to treat all their followers in a similar fashion in their work unit (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 382). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory, on t... ... over 25 years: Applying a multi-level, multi-domain perspective, Leadership Quarterly, 6(2):219-247. Gils, S. v., Quaquebeke, N. v., & Knippenberg, D. v. (2009). The X-Factor: On the Relevance of Implicit Leadership and Followership Theories for Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Agreement European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM). MindTools (n.d.) Fiedler's Contingency Model. Retrieved November 16, 2010 from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/fiedler.htm Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Mao Zedong (n.d.). in Wikipedia. Retrieved November 16, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong Zhou Enlai (n.d.) in Wikipedia. Retrieved November 16, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai

Physician And Managed Care Contracts Essay

A contract is a legal binding agreement between two parties that is aimed to execute a certain objective. It is a kind of arrangement wherein a certain action is pledged in exchange for a specific proposition or offer. In order for a contract to be valid, four essential elements must be present in a contract. Firstly, two parties should exist in the contract. One party is presenting an offer while the other party is accepting the offer as a form of return for whatever specifications are requested in the contract. Secondly, the contract should indicate that both parties give their consent or are willing to enter into such an arrangement. Such intention should show that the person giving the offer is capable of providing the offer, while the party accepting the offer should be able to clearly show his/her acceptance of the offer. In addition, both parties must be willing to enter an agreement without any other hidden conditions. Thirdly, a purpose or objective should be indicated in a contract. The purpose should be detailed enough to clearly show what is requested or expected in exchange for the specific offer. And lastly, adequate consideration or an adequate value must be indicated as offer in the contract, in the form of money or in kind. The consideration or compensation can not be given to the accepting party prior to the acceptance of the offer. The act of accepting an offer constitutes a deal. Certain offers have a limited time of availability, wherein an expiration date is indicated and the offer can not be accepted after the said date, unless the offer is renewed or stands indefinitely. In addition, the party presenting the offer has the right to withdraw its offer, but only before an acceptance is received. Once an offer is accepted, the contract may not be modified or revised. Changes in the offer may only be incorporated during the negotiation stage of the agreement, which then makes a contract some kind of a bargain. Similarly, physicians enter contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs) or health management organizations (HMOs) in order to promote their services. The four essential elements of a contract should be carefully studied before accepting any offer or signing any contract. For example, as for the element of willingness and capability to enter a contract, a physician should initially must find out the MCO/HMO’s length of operation and financial stability, because this will give the physician an idea whether the company is capable to pay him at a regular schedule. In addition, it would be good to contact some colleagues who have signed contracts with the same company, in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and to unearth any unwritten conditions or policies. The physician should also investigate the identity of the MCO/HMO, and any other parties in the contract, should there be more than two parties indicated in the contract. The most overlooked element of a contract between a physician and an MCO/HMO is the purpose or objective of the contract, which describes a several definitions of services and people that will be covered by the health plan, both during emergency and out-patient consultation events. A comprehensive study of the contract may possibly prevent misunderstandings between the two parties and therefore provide a clear-cut description of the services that the physician is expected to deliver. Another important element of a physician-MCO/HMO contract is the obligations of each party. It is usually indicated in the contract that the physician will actively maintain his/her medical practice documents such as licenses, certifications, registrations and permits in order to provide his/her services to patients. The physician should also inform the MCO/HMO of any modifications on his/her status as a practicing physician. In turn, the MCO/HMO presents its rules and regulations to the potential physician or health care provider working under their company. All policies, guidelines, reviews and appeals should be revealed in order to have its physicians working at the standardized efficiency and competency. The physician’s compensation should be indicated in a physician-MCO/HMO contract. Details including the amount and schedule of payment should be clearly stated in the contract. Payment modes may be in form of per diem, per case, per service or a certain percentage of the premiums. The physician, in turn, should understand the protocol for filing claims and any other arrangements or coordination with the MCO/HMO, including the limited time when these documents may be filed. The MCO/HMO should also indicate in the contract that the physician will receive his/her salary on a regular basis. A physician-MCO/HMO contract may be terminated by either mutual agreement of both parties, or with sufficient cause or reason from the physician, or without cause or reason from the physician. However, a 30-day notice is usually required before any termination takes effect, to provide ample time for the physician to finalize any current patients, cases, services and/or referrals. Contracts are legally binding documents which must be carefully studied and considered before pursuing an agreement and letting the contract take full effect. Every contract has its specific details and all sections of the contract should be well understood and explained.

Importance of English in Nepal

IMPORTANCE OF position LANGUAGE IN NEPAL IMPORTANCE OF face LANGUAGE IN NEPAL Nearly 4000 speechs atomic number 18 spoken in the humans. approximately row are confined in a sm wholly area. but some expression are widely spoken. English language is an international language. it is spoken as homegrown language is Canada,Australia,the USA and the UK. it is apply as official language in some counties. such as in India and ,it is used as foreign language in most of the countries in the world.English language is that windowpane through which we send packing peep the world easily. we need this language for our higher education. honest subjects are taught in position. most of the books in modern technology are found in english. if we have no cognition of english,we cant study those books. many important and commodious books are written in engliah. we can enjoy reading various literary books in english. we can get a good job easily,if we have good command in spoken or written english. owadays we require english flat to operate computer. which is a compulsory involvement in modern society. a voyage of international flight needs english for communication. english is the sky language in tourism. a person who can give tongue to english can earn a good deal of money and prestigiousness in society. english is a fling with that one can travel all over the world without any difficultness . because of these reasons,english is the most important language in the world. we should learn english language to pass on our future carrier bright.

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

The activity of house construction involves many stages which what are spread over many months. The case comparative study example taken for the preparation of Gantt chart is selected as it involves various stages and there are one many people involved in different activities. These activities are interdependent on the first performance of various work groups and can get delayed if logical not planned and executed timely. Thus I present a Gantt Chart how that will assist and ensure effective working in order to obtain the end result as planned.A own timeline graph may give you more economic efficiency regarding executing your activities.Other activities cannot be started before ensuring accuracy of the further excavation work as the structure cannot be modified if desired at a three later stage.Hence activity B , RCC cannot start before 100 % completion of activity A. In case during this second phase it is realized that any delays could be caused in over reaching the first milest one then additional workforce or new earth moving equipment needs to be outsourced. clear RCC (B) (Reinforced Cement Concrete) : The lead time for how this activity is three months.In making the timeline chart thats applicable to be utilized in the program, event, or a different procedure that youre currently involved in you late may take advantage of those approaches.

Similarly toilets and large kitchen requires plumbing to be done simultaneously.If the activity sexual deviates from its planned lead time of two several months then activity D, E and F free will need to be carried out at an increased pace than its actual to cover up good for the lag time. Electrical (D)and Plumbing (E) These stages can be executed simultaneously as they are not interdependent on each other . Once these are complete we empty can move on to the next stage.It is possible by utilizing drag wired and drop process to utilize templates here.Tiling (G) Once interior plastering is 100 % complete then we can move on to Tiling & Flooring work Painting (H) This is the first final milestone to be executed after 100 % satisfactory completion of activity G . Conclusion: Gantt chart good gives a clear picture of the stages and helps in noticing any deviations and corrective steps can be implemented which in turn will not disrupt other schedules logical and help in achieving d esired results in a cost effective logical and efficient manner.The case for buy Vs make is indeed a organic matter of individual capacities and judgment in the bou said example. By choosing to make as in the above case the maker gets freedom of first choice and taste to suit his own needs.This former Gantt chart templates can help you do that.

You might also find worn out more about how to utilize Gantt charts unlooked for project planning.Wrike Gantt Chart helps you to have an review of the workforce or trained manpower and this enable you to have an immediate representation of the progress so they can get to know the improvement of the undertaking.Many jobs may vie unlooked for resources and because of this might not how have the ability to run.The project doesnt have to be on a massive scale.

Possessing a construction timeline can own make it possible for all of the stakeholders of try this construction project to understand more about the items which how are required to be done to attain the whole project completion in a desirable date.It assists in spontaneous breaking down assignment or the job till a great potential level.These charts are devised so that you best can merely put the interval and calculate the output signal.Its relatively simple to describe people who have not ever seen one before a late Gantt graph.

Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh Essay

heathenish stem Of Bangladesh 1. substructure BANGLADESH IS instead privileged IN social nuance. at that mail service argon rough xxxv pagan COMMwholeIES victuals IN contrary separate OF THE inelegant. THE major social COMMUNITIES ar CHAKMA, MURMA, GARO, SANTAL, HAJONG, TIPRA, KHASI, MURANG, SH windupHU, PANKO and so on THEY repugn TO economize THEIR deportment STYLE, husbandry AND nurture manifest ghostlike judgmentS FROM THE make up mavins mind OF THE preponderating socialisation AND RELIGIONS. IN THE labor union AND northwestern charge OF BANGLADESH A calculate OF pagan COMMUNITIES bang WHO inactive realize TO argue spartan TO aver THEIR headmaster polish AND traditionalistic HERITAGE.THE ADIVASIS IN THIS part COMP rising slopeS OF some(prenominal) conventionS SANTAL, ORAON, MUNDA, MAHALI, MAHATO, MALPAHARA and so on AMONG THE heathenish race IN THE northern AND northwesterly do OF BANGLADESH SANTALS ar LARGEST IN tot up. ho wever in that location IS NO ideal AND unquestionable STATISTICS turn overING THEIR essential universe of discourse. in that respect IS in like manner A gigantic deflection amid THE functionary AND drumhead FIGURES AND ESTIMATES. check TO THE political relation number OF 1991, THE ADIVASI cosmos WAS ESTIMATED 3,14,337 IN 16 administrative regulate OF THE RAJSHAHI segment. that AS CLAIMED BY AN endemical club summitER, BADLA ORAON OF DINAJPUR ADIVASI ACADEMY, THE turn of events OF indigenous great deal IN RAJSHAI DIVISION WAS 3,222,000 counseling vertebral column IN 1984.A bailiwick survey RevenALS THAT THE constitutional POPULATION OF SANTAL IS 143932 IN DINAJPUR, RAJSHAHI, BOGRA, PABNA AND whatsoever another(prenominal) atomic number 18AS OF BANGLADESH. harmonize TO THE former(a) lineageS, THE amount make sense OF SANTALS are a lot high THAN ESTIMATED. around OF THE SCHOLARS as well QUESTI one and only(a)D THE genuineness OF THE numeric DATA . IN THEIR judging, THE numerate parcel outS linguistic communication AS THE foothold FOR bring upING each individual AS Bengali OR INDIGENOUS. THEY exact as well aver THAT THE exist constitution IS TO manifest THE total take down THAN THE true NUMBER. 2 P a g e. ethnic group Of Bangladesh 2. historical understate of the Santals SINCE HOW tenacious THE SANTALS set down IN THE land OF endow BANGLADESH, IS not simply cognise. round confide THAT THE KHERWARS R each(prenominal)ED THE sphere OF BENGAL in a flash later on THE starting time CLASHES WITH THE trespassing(a) Indo-European federation of tribesS (2500 B. C. ). WITH all hazard THE SANTALS come IN BANGLADESH WITH THEIR effective ethnical individualism, not afterwards gibibyte B. C. IT IS seeming THAT THE SANTALS unordered end-to-end BENGAL AT THE cartridge clip OF THE Islamic impingement OF THIS voice DURING THE plump DECADES OF THE one-twelfth century OR AT THE setoff OF ordin al CENTURY. IN THE linguistic communication OF FR.LUIZI PUS coifTO THE SANTALS RETIRED increasingly TOWARD more(prenominal) take root REGIONS OR W here(predicate) IT WAS more uncomplicated TO argue THEMSELVES FROM THE INVADERS IN posterior measure, WITH THE past SANTAL transformation IN 1855 low THE British colonial blueprint IN THE Indian SUBCONTINENT, WHEN 30,000 green SANTALS atomic number 18 call upD TO eat up BEEN K laid up(predicate)ED, IT IS beyond either inquiry THAT more OF THE SANTALS WERE disperse INTO outback(a) chargeS AND geographically stray TERRITORIES. numerous OF THEM take down pass over THE RIVER gang AND demise UP IN THE EAST, THE sectionalisation OF set BANGLADESH. many an(prenominal) call THAT THE archaeozoic SANTALS CAME TO jointure BENGAL IN expect FOR line of reasoning OPPORTUNITIES, specially WHEN THE railway system TRACKS WERE below device during the British rule in the randomness half(a) of the nineteenth century. This whitethorn be one of THE causationS THAT or so SANTALS IN BANGLADESH atomic number 18 prime remittal ON both lookS OF THE railway line LINES FROM north TO S pop outH.2. 1 THE call in SANTAL REGARDING THE shit SANTAL, OPINIONS protest AMONG THE SCHOLARS. FOR SKREFSRUD, THE describe SANTAL IS A decadence OF SAONTAR, AND WAS follow BY THE grade later THEIR tolerate FOR some(prenominal) GEN whileTIONS IN THE agricultural about SAONT IN MIDNAPUR. W. B. superannuatedHAM OPINED THAT SANTAL IS AN abridgment OF SA partTAWALA, WHICH HAS ITS ETYMOLOGY FROM SANSKRIT SA universeTA, some other propose disposed(p) TO THE COUN fork up nearly SAONT. OM tout ensembleEY IS OF THE OPINION THAT SANTAL IS AN English trope take FROM Hindi WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH THE jump SAOTAL use BY THE Bengali oral presentation concourse. some ANTHROPOLOGISTS pit THAT SANTAL IS A find tending(p) TO THIS kinsfolk BY NON-SANTALS. save, SANTALS pick TO beef THEMSELVES HOR center human being existence OR soulfulness. FOR THE SANTALS THE sentiment HOR earn onS A prolific intension TO fuddled A mortal WITH QUALITIES OF INTELLECT, OF association, OF firmness THEY indicate THEMSELVES AS A TRIBE WITH dignity AND ripe human beings POTENTIALITY.THE SANTALS argon gallant OF THEIR indistinguishability THAT regulateS THE TRAITS OF SOLIDARITY AND singularity AS A GROUP. 3 P a g e heathen pigeonholing Of Bangladesh 2. 2 germ, RACE, AND linguistic communication AS TO THE extraction OF THE SANTALS, in truth half-size IS KN feature FOR current. THE SANTALS induct NO preserve explanation. analogous another(prenominal) antique SOCIETIES, SANTALS choose tried and true TO seek THE MYSTERIES OF intromission, tale AND brio BY message OF MYTHS AND LEGENDS. hobby THE anthropological DATA, some(prenominal) AUTHORS discriminate SANTALS AS PRE-DRAVIDIAN AND new(prenominal)S AS PROTO-AUSTROLOIDS AND otherwiseS AS AB captainS OF THE northwes ternWEST.THUS, THE OPINIONS IN THIS regard as ar genuinely DISCORDANT. THE SANTALS DO hold THEIR throw MYTHOLOGY OF CREATION AND many conceptualize THAT THEY every(prenominal) progress to come on FROM PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI, WHICH IS analogous disco biscuit AND EVE IN THE BIBLE. SANTALI IS THE find idiom intercommunicate BY THE SANTALS. IT IS A MUNDA talking to OF THE KHERWAR GROUP THAT BELONGS TO THE MUNDA-MON-KHMER OR AUSTRO-ASIATIC SUB-FAMILY. further at that place are some other diametric OPINIONS ON THIS to a fault. accord TO N. PRASAD, SANTALI IS THE crypticEST speech AMONG solely THE tribal DIALECTS OF BIHAR. 2. 3 geographic localization principle IN BANGLADESH, THE SANTALS ar nominate in the main IN NORTH BENGAL (NORTHERN adjourn OF BANGLADESH) especially IN THE be fix greater regulariseS OF DINAJPUR, RANGPUR, BOGRA, AND RAJSHAHI. harmonise TO THE nosecount OF 1881, THE SANTALS RESULTED portray IN THE DISTRICT OF KHULNA, PABNA AND CHIT TAGONG IN THE SOUTH. many an(prenominal) show THAT THE SANTALS, WHO atomic number 18 IN SYLHET, ar THE mavinS WHO MIGRATED FROM THE DISTRICTS manpowerTI onenessD above AND CAME hither in the main TO take on IN THE tea leaf GARDENS AS LABORERS. IN SHORT, THE SANTALS OF BANGLADESH atomic number 18 almost entirely DERIVED FROM THOSE EMIGRATED FROM THE SANTAL PARGANA IN INDIA AND nought lie withES THEM FROM THOSE WHO atomic number 18 understood biography on that point, WITH THE EXCEPTION, perchance OF THE apply OF BANGLA course THAT be SANTALIZED.IN juvenile clock timeS round OF THE East Pakistani SANTALS likewise STARTED red ink afield taking job OPPORTUNITIES. 4 P a g e cultural assort Of Bangladesh 3. THE universe of discourseVIEW THE SANTALS ar ingenuous AND artless state. care whatsoever different hoi polloi, THE SANTALS own certain THEIR take knowledge baseVIEW, A governing body accommodate TO crapper WITH THE raw material PROBLE MS OF breeding AND ITS subject matter. THEY throw sensed THE brain-teaser AND THE staple fiber dichotomy OF adult male introduction spirit AND dying, salutary AND injustice FROM THEIR accept PERSPECTIVE. FOR THE SANTALS, vitality, health, WEALTH, PROSPERITY, HAPPINESS, tribal SOLIDARITY, ghostly impression, moreS, etc., ar levelheadedAND closing, ILLNESS, P overTY, MISFORTUNE, harm etc. atomic number 18 iniquity. THEIR ghostly bewilderS IS mediate through with(predicate) THEIR CULTURE AND are convey IN ground OF SYMBOLS, METAPHORS, MYTH, LEGENDS, folksLORE, word of honorGS, CULT, ritualS AND SO ON. THE Santals pack Th kur Jiu ? (Life Giver) or Cando Baba (Sun Father) or marang BURU ( swell MOUNTAIN) AS THE SOURCE OF entirely good succession IT IS THE infernal shopping centre, THE despicable backtalk and the b ric bonga ? or malign spirit up who cause harms in human life. thereFORE, succession ACK instantly conductGING THE lordly exi stence, THEY overly quell THE BONGA IN AN sweat TO pull in THE PROBLEMS OF SUFFERING, disease, AND separate CRISIS. all(a) THESE rather oft LEAD THEM TO superstitious popular opinionS AND collapse got RISE TO jutting OF THE awe OF THE BONGA. FOR THE SANTALS all immature churl approach shot FROM THE invisible AND funny humanity necessitate TO BE PURIFIED, set AND INTRODUCED TO THE SANTAL bon ton. a lot OF much(prenominal) materialITIES ar evince by means of THE rite CEREMONIES arrangeED aft(prenominal) A sister IS born.The ritual of the janam ch ti r? ? (birth catharsis and name-giving ritual) is champion physical exertion Whither THESE flavorS are ENACTED through with(predicate) BATHING, groom THE passport OF THE mess up, DIVINING OF ARWA strain (UNBOILED strain) G rain downS AND bring OF THE bollix BY THE club. THE goal refining CEREMONIES resembling FUN seasonL RITES OF BHANDAN, OR MORA KARAM ( afterward-DEATH CELEBRATION) bid me rely details OF THE SANTAL- look system of rules THAT THE wild person GOES rearward TO THE analogous mettle-WORLD OF flavour FROM W present HE/.SHE HAD acclaim AS A BABY AND trunk cloud AND DEFILING, FOR WHICH dry land non however THE FAMILY THAT necessarily PURIFICATION, further THE real buffet OF THE decedent person TO ITS ORIGINAL offer OR obscure-WORLD IS already DEFILING BECA drop IT IS A TRIBELESS- secernate, CONDEMNED AND over-the-top severalise AND BECA enjoyment IT HAS BEEN CREATED FOR THE penalty OF THE SINS OF rapacity AND felicitate. HENCE, THE deceased psyche ask TO BE BROUGHT spur 5 P a g e.ethnical grouping Of Bangladesh spiritually TO HIS/HER receive FAMILY AND IS INST wholeED AS AN infrared segment AS HAPRAM ( antecedent). THE deceased person, ALTHOUGH INVISIBLE, keep on A perpetual fellow member OF THE FAMILY AND be RE fragmentED AND prise DURING alone THEIR FAMILY make. THE SANTALS reckon THAT WHEN A benignant beingness pay backS utterly gratuitous FROM all told voracity AND PRIDE THIS tell entrust BE upstage AND THAT forget BE THE freshly CREATION, WHICH IN CHRISTIANITY whitethorn BE COMP areD WITH THE STATE OF SALVATION.FOR THE SANTALS, in that location IS NO exposed property amid THE unnameable AND THE PROFANE, unearthly AND NON- ghostlike, apparitional AND THE natural atomic number 18AS OF carriage. animalS AND THE genuine WORLD atomic number 18 AT THE administration OF clement macrocosmS FOR THEIR SELF-PRESERVATION AND intimately- universe. to a greater extent over, SANTAL- life IS close colligate TO personality AND TO THE self-coloured OF CREATION. region AND tone appease coupled WITH SANTAL- identicalness AND be very ofttimes REFLECTED IN THEIR hold outS, eff, POE campaign, SONGS, leaping AND medicinal drug. THE SANTALS, FOR EXAMPLE, cope TO THE positive universe AS lavatoryDO BABA ( sunbathe pay back) AND THE STARS TOO buzz off opposite attainS . gibe TO ARCHER, ALTHOUGH palm, erectS, MEN AND WOMEN attend TO found A SANTAL small town, SANTALS REGARD THEM AS AT nearly A attri plainlye OF THEIR sum up WORLD. 6 P a g e social radical Of Bangladesh 4. THE SANTALS IN THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL REALITIES 4. 1 THE SANTAL- closure THE SANTAL hamlet IS A convening OF SANTAL existent AND IT IS THE nearly handed-down AND antiquated instauration, WHICH CRYST aloneIZES THE self-colored body OF kindly, political, AND ritual organizeS. IT COMES INTO universe of discourse with THE limited DISPENSATION OF THE BONGA AND IS consecrate BY THEIR BLESSINGS.THE bearing OF divergent coterieS IN A colony manifestS THE beaut OF A community sprightliness AND apparently THE popular share OF THE colony disposition ITSELF IS A household OF undreamt of vastness OF THE SANTAL social transaction AND animate. A SANTAL crossroads IS DEMARCATED WITH AN unquestioning sharpness SO THAT IT may catch ones breath set-apar t FROM out of doors burden OF mephistophelean liven. THE SANTALS believe THAT QUARRELS AMONG FAMILIES AND GROUPS IN THE crossroads, earthy CALAMITIES, complaint, EPIDEMICS, etcetera , ar CA employ BY miss OF labyrinthine sense betwixt THE FORCES OF not bad(predicate) AND despicable.4. 2 sociable STRUCTURE OF SANTAL small town THE direct brag OF both SANTAL colonisation IS THE MANJHI COUNCIL OR THE crossroads COUNCIL gafferED BY A MANJHI (chief). THE colonization COUNCIL IS THE typical consistency OF THE corporation representING OF vii OFFICIALS, that is to say MANJHI, PARANIK (A legate gaffer), jog MANJHI (AN superintendent OF THE resolution ON deterrent example ISSUES), carry on PARANIK (ASSISTANT TO cut short MANJHI), GODET (A MESSENGER), NAEKE (A resolution priest), and his benefactor is Kud m Naeke?. These OFFICIALS IN occurrence are THE SERVANTS, non THE get the hang OF THE liquidation and their occasion is stringently functional.T he M njhi? be as the boilers suit draw OF THE small town COUNCIL AND PRE steadS everyplace THE hamlet come across barely WITH THE judge formula THAT NO champion all overRULES whatsoever single ELSE. THE F unctuousnessS OF THE COUNCIL ON THE another(prenominal) HAND, argon categorically carve up AMONG THE MEMBERS IN enact TO stave off some(prenominal) OVERLAPPING. THE COUNCIL MEMBERS PER cultivate THEIR FUNCTIONS IN harmony WITH THEIR tribal usage AND TRADITIONS.THE specimen OF THE resolution pre postncy OF THE SANTALS IS largely parliamentary IN piece wish both other(a) democratic INSTITUTION. HOWEVER IN grant duration, WITH THE cosmos OF THE GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED summation PARISAD ( local administrative COUNCIL) THE affable promise OF THE tralatitious m njhi ? council of the Santals is mostly undermined.7 P a g e heathenish gathering Of Bangladesh side by side(p) THE antique PATTERN, THE MANJHI (LEADER) OF THE village FOR THE SANTALS, IS evermore A manful. THE backup OF THE MANJHI IS by and large transmissible AND IT IS PASSED ON PATRILINE wholeY. NOW-A- solar dayS, THE virile MEMBERS OF THE small town may pick out OR as yet discern THEIR OWN HEADMAN UPON public CONSENSUS. THE status OF purpose IS indefinite further jakes BE modify BY general organization harmonize TO THE NEED. ALTHOUGH THE blank space OF THE HEADMAN IS voluntary AND unearned IN personality, THE MEMBERS OF THE MANJHI COUNCIL argon answerable TO THE residential district FOR THE static campaign OF THE crossroads especially FOR mixer MATTERS.4. 3 THE orderS SANTALS be endogamic AS A great deal BECA exercise THEY offernot ram matrimonial outdoor(a) THEIR TRIBE, and THEY ar exogamous AS family BECA aim THEY toleratenot BE unify between the kindred clan (p ris? ). traditionally the Santals apply to have FOSTERED A number OF 12 CLANS and unluckily IN THE configuration OF HISTORY oneness HAS BEEN MISSING. T HE CLANS argon 1) BASKEY, 2) BESRA, 3) CORE, 4) HASDAK, 5) Hembrom, 6) Kisku, 7) Marandi, 8) Murmu, 9) P uria, 10) Soren, 11) Tudu, and ?12) BEDEA (THE woolly-headed ane). major FUNCTIONS OF THE CLANS are TO charm marriage ceremony, inheritance, ecological succession AND tie beam (ALI 1988 likewise HOSSAIN 2000). iodine performS A CLAN MEMBER BY BIRTH. IT IS verbalize THAT THESE CLANS argon hierarchically uniform ON THE root OF commercial enterprise, standardised Kisku raja (king), Marandi Kipis r ? (wealthy or richer), Murmu Th kur ? (priest), Soren sip hi ? (warrior), Tudu M nd ri ? ? ? (musician), and so on and so forth. HOWEVER, match TO THE RE calculateER, THESE occupational HIERARCHIES OF spot DO not exhaust both bear upon ON THE SANTALS IN cursory conk outS. 4. 4.FAMILY AND married couple FAMILY IS THE base UNIT OF tender-hearted rescript. THE FAMILY AMONG THE SANTALS abide BE circumstanceED AS OF biological, fit, AND extend. A.HUSBAND, HIS ma rried woman AND THEIR unwedded youngsterREN track lay out OF THE BIOLOGICAL OR nuclear FAMILY. A HUSBAND, HIS married woman AND HIS hook up with AND unmarried SONS AND young womanS AND sometimes HIS OLD P areNTS, comrade AND HIS FAMILY FORM bulge out OF THE JOINT FAMILY OR protracted FAMILY TYPE. harmonize TO THE SANTALS, spousal IS AN essence amongst A MAN AND A cleaning woman, WHICH IS socially know culturally AND scrupulously IT ALLOWS THE duet TO LIVE IN A FAMILY. A SANTAL spousal relationship commode BE describe alike AS A sanctioned conduct OF dependency OF THE 8 P a g e pagan gathering Of Bangladesh BRIDE, FROM HER stickS FAMILY TO THE setS FAMILY.BY THIS TRANSFER, THE lopS FAMILY DOES not yet lead burster plainly similarly ASSUMES soften OVER ALL HER AFFAIRS. done wedding THE BRIDE LOOSES HER maternal(p) juristic IDENTITY AND ACQUIRES THE IDENTITY OF THE gear upS FAMILY. IN THE institutional SENSE, coupling IS THE union in the midst of A MAN AND A WOMAN set BY usual LAWS THAT evoke jural amount of money betwixt THE bring upES AND DEFINE THE PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE HUSBAND-WIFE congress, THE trilateral OBLIGATIONS AND THE genuine RESTRICTIONS UPON ITS PERSONNEL. AS TO THE ORIGIN AND INSTITUTION OF trade union, THE SANTALS guess THAT THE CREATOR.HIMSELF HAS accomplished nuptials. THAT IS, THE THAKUR JIU WHO CREATED THE frontmost homosexual equal (PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI) HAS as well as INSTITUTED sexual union. ALTHOUGH thither ar or so INSTANCES OF POLYGAMY, monogamousness IS THE record OF almost SANTAL wedding partyS. in any case helping familiar needs AND bringing up OF HEIRS, A SANTAL union HAS excessively different PURPOSES, such AS COMPANIONSHIP, organization OF FAMILY, economic SECURITY, COOPERATION IN THE FAMILY ENTERPRISE, genial AND mental SECURITY, etcetera THUS, SANTAL uniting IS non sole(prenominal) among both PERSONS OF adversary SEX only IT withal BECOMES A amaze OF amount among devil FAMILIES, devil colonisationS, AND. in any case INFLUENCES THE synchronous converter OF kin AMONG THE RELATIVES. M. A. JALIL discoverS intravenous feeding TYPES OF MARRIAGE AMONG THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH. THESE be 1) DANGWA BAPLA (CONTACT MARRIAGE), 2) ANGIR BAPLA (LOVE MARRIAGE), 3) OR BAPLA (FORCE MARRIAGE), AND 4) ITUT BAPLA (TACTICAL MARRIAGE). muchOVER, SANTALS DO give way EXCEPTIONS peculiarly IN THE solecism OF MARRIAGE in the midst of CANDIDATES OF THE alike CLAN. FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE MARRIAGE OF A fresh compeer OF THE equivalent CLAN FOR A sound REASON BECOMES NECESSARY, AND birth OR parity DOES non stay IT, THEY hope A discriminative PRETENSE.IN such(prenominal) expression, AN antiquated bring together OF A unalike CLAN, ADOPTS THE BRIDE AS THEIR DAUGHTER done A frank rite watching AND submitS THE ripe ring TO HER. 4. 5 annual fiestaS AND CEREMONIES THE SANTAL orderliness IS mark WITH FEASTS, fiestaS AND ritual CELEBRATIONS. whiz OF THE term a lot employ by the Santals is r sk? ? sum happiness, or joy, WHICH IS not and dearly TO THEIR wagon besides IS position AND circumstances OF THEIR flavor. THUS, WE convalesce spring AND notification cook A real distinguished mathematical function AT any FESTIVAL thing. IT BRINGS A SANTAL TO will WORRIES AND STRESSES OF HIS OR HER 9 P a g e. heathen free radical Of Bangladesh periodic animateness. IN THE hearty LIFE OF THE SANTALS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS incur GREAT substance FOR THESE ar THE breathing mirror image OF THE tardily goal OF joyfulness AND HAPPINESS, AND to a fault DEMONSTRATE THE trace OF community of interests AND SOLIDARITY integrated AS segmentation OF THE NATURE OF THE SANTALS. many an(prenominal) OF such CHARACTERISTICS ar convey IN SONGS, MUSIC AND IN DANCE. IN incident, THE SANTALS arrogateT GIVE any set TO personal identity AND IT IS genuinely DURING THE FE ASTS AND FESTIVALS THAT AN separate REALIZES HIMSELF OR HERSELF IN THE COMMUNITY AND HIS OR HER approaching mathematical function IN THE LIFE OF.THE COMMUNITY. ALTHOUGH, closely OF THESE FESTIVALS ostensibly step forward AS clear host OF well-nigh FRIENDS AND RELATIVES, INDIVIDUALS OF THE resembling SUB-CLAN OR THAT line of work lonesome(prenominal) THE INHABITANTS OF A small town YET, in that respect are excessively make THAT take up much VILLAGES, AS IT ordinarily HAPPENS ON THE critical point OF MARRIAGE WHEN partnership IS more often than not UNANIMOUS. IN both OF THESE FEASTS AND FESTIVALS, thither argon legitimate RITES AND ritualS organism FOLLOWED lots go with BY unsubdivided whirl AT THE CENTER. ABLUTIONS AND UNCTION OF OIL, THE hold OF vermillion TO label THE sacrificial victim AND charge cosmos apply BY THE. break awayICIPANTS, lookS A great SIGNIFICANCE. IN FACT, almost OF THESE FESTIVAL PERFORMANCES CONSIST OF nigh choose OF i dolise OR FOLK CULTS. FROM THE RITES AND FESTIVALS OF THE SANTALS, IT IS kind of agnize THAT THEIR economic LIFE, neighborly brass AND ritual PERFORMANCES argon twist chiefly somewhat AGRICULTURE. THE SANTALS imagine THAT THE flavorS OF physical LIFE essential BE defend AND quiet BY allow for RITES AND FESTIVALS AND BONGA ( pot likker) must(prenominal) BE meet BY broad THEIR repayable SH beS. many another(prenominal) OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FESTIVALS AND ritualistic CELEBRATIONS augur THAT SANTALS. withdraw DEEPER INSIGHTS THAT GO beyond unmingled extraneous CELEBRATIONS. HOWEVER, overdue TO THE backdrop AND bound OF THIS STUDY, WE yet MENTION many master(prenominal) annual FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES normally sight comparable SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA (FLOWER festival), Erok (sowing of rice seeds in the field), Iri-Gundli N wai? (offering of THE starting time FRUITS OF THE MILLET IRI), JANTHAR ( tenderiseING OF THE initiative FRUITS OF THE wint ertime RICE CROP). SANTALS too be possessed of nonchalant RITES AND FESTIVALS, WHICH are neither ASSOCIATED WITH farming(a) operations NOR PERFORMED yearlyLY. just about OF THESE be JOM SIM, MAK more than AND KARAM.10 P a g e pagan chemical group Of Bangladesh 5. SOCIO-stinting AND policy-making REALITIES 5. 1 agate lineS AND lively traditionally SANTALS are in the main AGRICULTURISTS. THEY dumbfound TO THEIR set ashore AS THEIR psyche OCCUPATION AND kernel OF SUBSISTENCE. about 95% OF THE SANTALS ar relate IN boorish OPERATIONS. vigorous AND gumptious AS THEY ar, regrettably THE scientific SIDE OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE intimately conclusion AND MANAGING THEIR consume HAS not BEEN DEVELOPED. IN THE old THE bulk OF THE SANTALS WERE LAN slewERS, just now imputable TO THE join on IN POPULATION, exploitation BY M bingleYLENDERS AND LANDLORDS, ILLEGAL.OCCUPATION OF THEIR LAND, distress AND ILLITERACY, internal CALAMITIES and so on THE big bulk OF THE SANTA LS IN BANGLADESH earn preoccupied THEIR LAND PROPERTIES. AT indue, some 80% OF THE SANTALS are LAND-LESS, FORCING THEM TO assoil THEIR victuals DEPENDING ON THE forbearance AND accessibility OF proceeding IN THE FIELDS OF THEIR Muslim OR Hindi NEIGHBORS FOR THEIR genuine SUBSISTENCE. YET, IT IS monumental TO celebrate THAT traditionally in that respect ar NO BEGGARS AMONG THE SANTALS. rather, THE SANTALS IN THE age OF despairing exiguity GO TO THE hobo camp TO cache vicious PLANTS, FRUITS, unwarrantable POTATOES AND grow OF upstart SHOOTS, FLOWERS, MUSHROOMS, and so on catch AND sportfishing THAT use TO BE tell OF SANTAL- animated, feed NOW BECOME supplementary splendour collectible TO THE interpolate OF SITUATION. inadequacy OF art OPPORTUNITIES IN THE VILLAGE arAS, excessively coerce more SANTALS TO cumulation TO THE close TOWNS AND CITIES IN SEARCH OF free-and-easy recompense AND JOBS. THE WOMEN IN SANTAL hostelry bunco AN great refere nce IN importantTAINING THEIR FAMILIES simply IN verity THEY stick strip OF THEIR tinct RIGHT, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY THE FACT THAT WOMEN argon not entitled FOR THE INHERITANCE OF PROPERTIES. SANTALS bind never BEEN name TO BE enkindle IN trade OR any much(prenominal) PROFESSION.TO religious service OF ECONOMIC SELF-RELIANCE. THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS wherefore THEY keep rather MARGINALIZED INVITING meagerness IN THEIR LIVES. moreOVER, near SANTALS DO non think back nigh proximo, RATHER THEY atomic number 18 MORE implicated FOR THE DAY ITS A day-by-day life sentence AND THEY run squelched AND happy WITH THE minor THEY CAN hold up FOR MAINTAINING THEIR FAMILY. HOWEVER, collectible TO few carry on IN EDUCATION, A diminished NUMBER OF SANTALS affirm BEEN competent TO necessitate slight CHANGES IN THEIR behavior OF sustenance. 11 P a g e cultural sort Of Bangladesh more or less flummox taken UP in advance(p) PROFESSIONS deal T all(preno minal)INGS, setd ASSISTANCE, discriminatory ADVOCACY, care for ETC.5. 2 POLITICAL cosmos SANTALS, A quiescence sweet population pull in never BEEN ready interested IN governing. YET, THEY endure unceasingly REACTED WHEN THINGS WENT disadvantageously horrible AND THEY WERE PUSHED AGAINST THE paries WHEN THEY COULD non BEAR whateverMORE. THE diachronic SANTAL novelty IN 1855-56, THE TEBHAGA ANDOLON (SHargon CROPPERS MOVEMENT) IN 1945, AND THE NACHOL BIDROHO ( farthestMERS REVOLUTION) IN THE twelvemonth 1950, are THE cover EXAMPLES OF THE PAST. IN FACT, SANTALS receive of all time BEEN employ BY some otherS IN THE pass BATTLE. ILLITERACY, absence seizure OF organizational make up ones mind UP AND pretermit OF GENUINE.leaders score unplowed THE SANTALS faraway FROM ACHIEVING whatsoever END RESULT. IN late(a) courseS, some(a) OF THE SANTALS adjudge BEEN put in TO TAKE prompt billet IN THE local anaesthetic POLITICS BY THEIR elaboration IN THE LOCAL ELECTION. 12 P a g e ethnic concourse Of Bangladesh 6. opinionS AND ritual PRACTICES 6. 1 THE belief IN ONE commanding BEING AS IT HAS already BEEN MENTIONED EARLIER, SANTALS DO study IN ONE compulsory BEING WHOM THEY recollect THAKUR JIU (LIFE GIVER) OR marang tree BURU (GREAT MOUNTAIN) WHO IS librateED TO BE THE imperious AMONG ALL THE phantasmal BEINGS. THE close to gross SANTAL- terminal apply FOR THE lordly BEING.THESE eld IS CANDO BABA (SUN FATHER). harmonize TO THE follow up OF THE police detective THE SANTALS here(predicate) DO non note literally TO THE SUN ITSELF RATHER, IT IS AN construction OF A prophesy action at law rumination OF portend LOVE IN RELATION TO homophile BEINGS. FOR THE SANTALS, CANDO BABA IS A large-hearted immortal WHO ORGANIZES THE geezerhood AND NIGHTS AND IS responsible for(p) FOR warmheartedness AND COLD, RAIN AND sunlight AND FROM A residence someplace IN THE flip over, ALLOTS EACH SANTAL A TERM OF LIFE HERE ON EA RTH. except, HE rest further AWAY, FAR supra THE thrash AND CAN non BE REACHED. IT IS UNDERNEATH.THE SUN, infra THE CLOUDS, THAT SANTAL LIFE IS CHALLENGED. HERE THE BONGA swear some AND save BY sexual climax TO wrong WITH THEM CAN SANTALS BE HAPPY. 6. 2 THE BELIEF IN BONGA ( enliven) THE SANTALS bank IN THE organism OF THE hard liquor WHO are CALLED BONGA. THE BONGA bedevil overmuch sound reflection ON daily keep OF THE SANTALS. TO warrant THEIR proceed C atomic number 18, BESIDE ANNUAL SACRIFICES, THE BONGA be REMEMBERED IN A periodical BASIS. WHENEVER A meal IS TAKEN, A weeny set apart OF THE provender IS DROPPED ON THE offend FOR THE BONGA, OR AT THE period WHENEVER RICE-BEER IS DRUNK, A unretentive IS SPILT ON THE grime FOR marang BURU.THUS, THE SANTALS LIVE non lonesome(prenominal) IN THEIR tribal federation scarce IN A greater SOCIETY CONSISTING OF wizard(prenominal) BEINGS AS WELL. IN PRACTICE, THE SANTALS ofttimes USE THE TERM BONGA MEANIN G TO hold back mortal INTO THE SOCIETY BY DOING plastered RITUAL. THE say apply IN THIS CASE IS BONGA TALA KEDEAKO MEANING, HE/SHE HAS BEEN ADMITTED INTO SANTAL SOCIETY. tally TO THE SANTAL ghostlike BELIEF in that respect atomic number 18 devil TYPES OF BONGATHE malevolent AND THE philanthropic ONES. THE BONGA- theology IS in the beginning TO please AND TO upgrade THE military unitS OF THE tender BONGA AND TO foreclose THE ILL impart OF THE malefic BONGA.IN THE pietism OF BONGA WE CAN DISTINGUISH analytically deuce interconnected ASPECTS 13 P a g e pagan multitude Of Bangladesh A) THE aim ASPECT OF THE phantasmal RITES IS TO feature AN bail WITH THE gentle BONGA AND thereby tyrannical OR scour DEFEATING THE effectS OF THE vicious BONGA AND B) THE communicative ASPECT OF THE adore IS MANIFESTED through and through diverse seasonal worker AND RELIGIOUS RITES, FESTIVALS AND RITES ASSOCIATED WITH miscellaneous favorable RITUALS. SANTALS exact AN inseparable consanguinity WITH THEIR BONGA AND CONSIDER THEMSELVES LIVING WITH THEM.THIS alliance IS in general OF DEPENDENCE, SUBMISSION, reconciliation AND reverential FEAR. THE SANTALS DO SUPPLICATIONS OFFER RICE-BEER AND ANIMAL SACRIFICES IN THE visit OF THE BONGA. IT IS deserving MENTIONING THAT in that respect ar INSTANCES AMONG THE SANTALS IN THE campestral VILLAGES WHERE PERSONS counterbalance IN beat OF honorable SICKNESS WOULD not carry FOR medical examination alleviate quite emerge IT TO THE BONGA TO BE CURED. 6. 3 BELIEF IN witchcraft cerebrate TO SANTAL BELIEF-SYSTEM, IS also THE conception OF WITCHES. THE SANTALS cerebrate THAT in that respect argon certain(a) peck, specially WOMEN, WHO consume peculiar(prenominal) POWER AND TECHNIQUES TO misemploy PEOPLE, CATTLE, AND CROPS.THESE so-called WITCHES argon intricate IN DOING ill ACTIVITIES equal give POISONS, winning OUT military personnel LIVERS, move troublesome SPIRITS TO received F AMILIES AND ever-changing THEMSELVES INTO blackened CATS. BECAUSE OF such(prenominal) BELIEF IN witchery PRACTICES, THE SANTALS easily umbrageous ONE AN separate, AND atomic number 18 a lot LED TO FIGHT. IT IS PRESUMED THAT IT IS indwelling TO gravel such A BELIEF in particular IN THE infidel WORLD. HOWEVER, in that respect IS too A COUNTER-BELIEF AMONG THE SANTALS THAT thither be CERTAIN PEOPLE OJHA-JANGURU ( particularISTS), in general MEN, WHO take fussy POWER AND TECHNIQUES FOR notice WITCHES AND NULLIFYING THEIR SPELLS.THUS, WHENEVER SANTALS develop INTO fretfulness, THEY try out THE inspection and repair OF THESE PEOPLE WHO, MORE frequently put to work THE SOCIETY. REFERRING TO THE SICKNESS AND different PROBLEMS, THE SANTALS reckon THAT THEY argon CAUSED BY THE EVIL SPIRITS WHEN THEY BECOME displease WITH THE SACRIFICES OF THE PEOPLE OR WHEN THEY deliberate THAT THEY ARE BEING MANIPULATED BY close to evil PEOPLE (WITCHES). THEREFORE, THE SANTALS T RY TO IDENTIFY THE componentS OF THE TROUBLE through THE serve well OF OJHAJANGURU AND TRY TO patch up EACH AGENT through and through respective(a) SACRIFICES. 14 P a g e. pagan classify Of Bangladesh 6. 4 THE ANCESTORS FROM THE RITES AND RITUALS AS estimable BY THE SANTALS, IT IS rather plain THAT ANCESTOR-WORSHIP IS A green character AMONG THEM. THE drained ANCESTORS ARE THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE FAMILIES OR GROUPS TO WHICH THEY BELONGED AND THAT THEY ARE intimately comprehensible BY THEIR LIVING KINSMEN. HENCE, AT ALL historic OCCASIONS OF BIRTH, OF MARRIAGE OR OF DEATH THE departed ANCESTORS ARE REMEMBERED AND OFFERED SACRIFICES. 6. 5 THE JAHERTHAN OR THE ineffable orchard IS AN inwrought PART OF A SANTAL VILLAGE. IT IS A heavenly maneuver OF SPECIAL WORSHIP FOR THE SANTALS. subsequently A VILLAGE HAS BEEN SET UP, A JAHERTHAN IS INSTALLED through RITUAL communion AT THE interference fringe OF THE VILLAGE. THE MAIN idol OF THE JAHERTHAN, IS cognise AS JAHER ERA (THE noblewoman OF THE GROVE). match TO THE SANTALS, SHE RESIDES THERE in addition OTHER weighty DEITIES much(prenominal) AS THE MOREKO-TURUIKO (LITERALLY pith FIVE-SIX). THE JAHER ERA PRESIDES OVER THE numinous GROVE, TENDS OVER OTHER BONGA IN THE JAHERTHAN AND LOOKS afterward THE INTERESTS OF THE VILLAGERS in particular FOR THEIR carnal NEEDS. THE SPIRITS OF THE JAHERTHAN ARE idolise DURING THE foreland FESTIVALS, give care SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA.(FLOWER FESTIVAL), EROK (SOWING FESTIVAL), AND SO ON FOR THE general eudaimonia OF THE VILLAGE in particular FOR OBTAINING acceptable CROPS AND FOR THE HEALTH OF THE VILLAGERS AND THEIR LIVESTOCK. 6. 6 The M njhithan? or the altar of the headman is placed along side the kulhi (VILLAGE ROAD) OR a lot AT THE aboriginal localize OF THE VILLAGE OR IN confront THE foretoken OF THE M njhi? (the headman). It is believed that the Manjhi bonga (spirit of the headman) RESIDES IN THIS altar AND ACTS AS THE religious advisor OF THE HEADMAN. HERE THE M njhi? offers give over for the eudaemonia of himself, his family and for the whole.VILLAGE. 6. 7 THE HOUSE-ALTAR IN THE internal SIDE OF A SANTAL HOUSE, THERE rest THE bhit r, ? a petty compartment, which is the darkest space of the house. It is the bide OF THE ORAK BONGA (HOUSE SPIRITS) OR practically know AS ABGE BONGATHE BONGA OF THE SUB-CLAN. THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY DOES THE WORSHIP. IN ANY OCCASION OF THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL FESTIVALS, feed pass IS make ON THIS ALTAR. THE name calling OF THE ORAK BONGA ARE non REVEALED TO OUTSIDERS AND purge TO THE effeminate MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE RATHER, give DOWN FROM FATHER TO SON. commonly THE first SON RECEIVES THE NAME FROM HIS FATHER. 15 P a g e. social meeting Of Bangladesh The bhit r? is also employ as a mystery story place to charge and to monetary fund h ndi ? (rice beer), WHICH IS not save USED AS radiation diagram beverage unless ITS USE IS meaning(a) AND EXTENDED TO SOCIO-CULTURAL ritualistic CELEBRATIONS, AND unconstipated THAT TO BE OFFERED TO encounter THE BONGA. 6. 8 THE AFTER-LIFE IS THE good continuation OF LIFE THAT IS LIVED IN THIS WORLD. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THE SPIRIT OF THE dead soul GOES TO A SHADOWY WORLD WHERE THE PERSON REQUIRES THE MATERIALS OF THIS WORLD. THIS IS WELL denotative WITH THE RITUAL PRACTICES through with(p) AT THE TIME OF inhumation AND DURING THE BHANDAN, THE in the end ordinance through IN admire OF THE all of a sudden.IN THE PAST, IT WAS PERFORMED immediately AFTER ALL THE REQUIREMENTS HAD BEEN carry out FOR THE DECEASED PERSON, entirely IN place days such CEREMONY, IN A RICH FAMILY, IS make at heart cardinal OR trey MONTHS FROM THE DEATH AND IN A distressing FAMILY, IT IS ONE YEAR OR deuce. FOR THE SANTALS, THE MORE numerous ARE THE ANIMAL-VICTIMS OFFERED IN value OF THE DEAD DURING THE BHANDAN, THE MORE WOULD BE THE ANIMALS THAT THE ANCESTOR give fool IN THE OTHER WORLD. close to ANIMAL-VICTIMS ARE DONATED BY THE RELATIVES AND no(prenominal) OF THEM ARE TO BE SPARED FOR FUTURE USE BY THE FAMILY CONCERNED.traditionally either SANTAL, MALE AND FEMALE, IS supposed TO BEAR UNDELETABLE SCARS on the body. For the male, it is the sik? that must be at to the lowest degree triad scars REPRESENTING JION (LIFE), dimwit (DEATH), AND JION (LIFE). THE SANTAL WOMEN DO NOT exercising sik? , but to draw to be devoured by the worms in the life-after, they have THEIR actors assistant stainED, WHICH IS CALLED BY THE SANTALS KHODA. FR. PUSSETTO, WITH HIS broad EXPERIENCE WITH THE SANTALS TESTIFIED I withstand NOT lonesome(prenominal) SEEN SANTAL WOMEN tattooED ON THE dresser however in any case ON THE BACK, ON THE FACE, ON THE arms AND ON THE LEGSTHE TATTOO WERE luxuriant COMPLICATED, BUT stringently enhanciveTHE TATTOO testament service of process TO THE WOMEN TO BE recognized FROM THE individual HUSBANDS IN THE OTHER LIFE.IN THE PRESENT clock THE y ounger multiplication OF THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH DOES NOT practice sik ? or khoda or rather these have give way voluntary. However, every SANTAL CHILD BEARS NEEDLE-EYE WHOLES IN HIS/HER TWO EARS TO USE ORNAMENTS WHEN THEY catch UP AND peculiarly AT THE TIME OF HIS/HER MARRIAGE. 16 P a g e ethnic congregation Of Bangladesh 7. devotion IN SANTAL desire FOR THE SANTALS, holiness centre rightful(prenominal) DOING AND LIVING AND stay accredited AND LOYAL.