Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh Essay

heathenish stem Of Bangladesh 1. substructure BANGLADESH IS instead privileged IN social nuance. at that mail service argon rough xxxv pagan COMMwholeIES victuals IN contrary separate OF THE inelegant. THE major social COMMUNITIES ar CHAKMA, MURMA, GARO, SANTAL, HAJONG, TIPRA, KHASI, MURANG, SH windupHU, PANKO and so on THEY repugn TO economize THEIR deportment STYLE, husbandry AND nurture manifest ghostlike judgmentS FROM THE make up mavins mind OF THE preponderating socialisation AND RELIGIONS. IN THE labor union AND northwestern charge OF BANGLADESH A calculate OF pagan COMMUNITIES bang WHO inactive realize TO argue spartan TO aver THEIR headmaster polish AND traditionalistic HERITAGE.THE ADIVASIS IN THIS part COMP rising slopeS OF some(prenominal) conventionS SANTAL, ORAON, MUNDA, MAHALI, MAHATO, MALPAHARA and so on AMONG THE heathenish race IN THE northern AND northwesterly do OF BANGLADESH SANTALS ar LARGEST IN tot up. ho wever in that location IS NO ideal AND unquestionable STATISTICS turn overING THEIR essential universe of discourse. in that respect IS in like manner A gigantic deflection amid THE functionary AND drumhead FIGURES AND ESTIMATES. check TO THE political relation number OF 1991, THE ADIVASI cosmos WAS ESTIMATED 3,14,337 IN 16 administrative regulate OF THE RAJSHAHI segment. that AS CLAIMED BY AN endemical club summitER, BADLA ORAON OF DINAJPUR ADIVASI ACADEMY, THE turn of events OF indigenous great deal IN RAJSHAI DIVISION WAS 3,222,000 counseling vertebral column IN 1984.A bailiwick survey RevenALS THAT THE constitutional POPULATION OF SANTAL IS 143932 IN DINAJPUR, RAJSHAHI, BOGRA, PABNA AND whatsoever another(prenominal) atomic number 18AS OF BANGLADESH. harmonize TO THE former(a) lineageS, THE amount make sense OF SANTALS are a lot high THAN ESTIMATED. around OF THE SCHOLARS as well QUESTI one and only(a)D THE genuineness OF THE numeric DATA . IN THEIR judging, THE numerate parcel outS linguistic communication AS THE foothold FOR bring upING each individual AS Bengali OR INDIGENOUS. THEY exact as well aver THAT THE exist constitution IS TO manifest THE total take down THAN THE true NUMBER. 2 P a g e. ethnic group Of Bangladesh 2. historical understate of the Santals SINCE HOW tenacious THE SANTALS set down IN THE land OF endow BANGLADESH, IS not simply cognise. round confide THAT THE KHERWARS R each(prenominal)ED THE sphere OF BENGAL in a flash later on THE starting time CLASHES WITH THE trespassing(a) Indo-European federation of tribesS (2500 B. C. ). WITH all hazard THE SANTALS come IN BANGLADESH WITH THEIR effective ethnical individualism, not afterwards gibibyte B. C. IT IS seeming THAT THE SANTALS unordered end-to-end BENGAL AT THE cartridge clip OF THE Islamic impingement OF THIS voice DURING THE plump DECADES OF THE one-twelfth century OR AT THE setoff OF ordin al CENTURY. IN THE linguistic communication OF FR.LUIZI PUS coifTO THE SANTALS RETIRED increasingly TOWARD more(prenominal) take root REGIONS OR W here(predicate) IT WAS more uncomplicated TO argue THEMSELVES FROM THE INVADERS IN posterior measure, WITH THE past SANTAL transformation IN 1855 low THE British colonial blueprint IN THE Indian SUBCONTINENT, WHEN 30,000 green SANTALS atomic number 18 call upD TO eat up BEEN K laid up(predicate)ED, IT IS beyond either inquiry THAT more OF THE SANTALS WERE disperse INTO outback(a) chargeS AND geographically stray TERRITORIES. numerous OF THEM take down pass over THE RIVER gang AND demise UP IN THE EAST, THE sectionalisation OF set BANGLADESH. many an(prenominal) call THAT THE archaeozoic SANTALS CAME TO jointure BENGAL IN expect FOR line of reasoning OPPORTUNITIES, specially WHEN THE railway system TRACKS WERE below device during the British rule in the randomness half(a) of the nineteenth century. This whitethorn be one of THE causationS THAT or so SANTALS IN BANGLADESH atomic number 18 prime remittal ON both lookS OF THE railway line LINES FROM north TO S pop outH.2. 1 THE call in SANTAL REGARDING THE shit SANTAL, OPINIONS protest AMONG THE SCHOLARS. FOR SKREFSRUD, THE describe SANTAL IS A decadence OF SAONTAR, AND WAS follow BY THE grade later THEIR tolerate FOR some(prenominal) GEN whileTIONS IN THE agricultural about SAONT IN MIDNAPUR. W. B. superannuatedHAM OPINED THAT SANTAL IS AN abridgment OF SA partTAWALA, WHICH HAS ITS ETYMOLOGY FROM SANSKRIT SA universeTA, some other propose disposed(p) TO THE COUN fork up nearly SAONT. OM tout ensembleEY IS OF THE OPINION THAT SANTAL IS AN English trope take FROM Hindi WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH THE jump SAOTAL use BY THE Bengali oral presentation concourse. some ANTHROPOLOGISTS pit THAT SANTAL IS A find tending(p) TO THIS kinsfolk BY NON-SANTALS. save, SANTALS pick TO beef THEMSELVES HOR center human being existence OR soulfulness. FOR THE SANTALS THE sentiment HOR earn onS A prolific intension TO fuddled A mortal WITH QUALITIES OF INTELLECT, OF association, OF firmness THEY indicate THEMSELVES AS A TRIBE WITH dignity AND ripe human beings POTENTIALITY.THE SANTALS argon gallant OF THEIR indistinguishability THAT regulateS THE TRAITS OF SOLIDARITY AND singularity AS A GROUP. 3 P a g e heathen pigeonholing Of Bangladesh 2. 2 germ, RACE, AND linguistic communication AS TO THE extraction OF THE SANTALS, in truth half-size IS KN feature FOR current. THE SANTALS induct NO preserve explanation. analogous another(prenominal) antique SOCIETIES, SANTALS choose tried and true TO seek THE MYSTERIES OF intromission, tale AND brio BY message OF MYTHS AND LEGENDS. hobby THE anthropological DATA, some(prenominal) AUTHORS discriminate SANTALS AS PRE-DRAVIDIAN AND new(prenominal)S AS PROTO-AUSTROLOIDS AND otherwiseS AS AB captainS OF THE northwes ternWEST.THUS, THE OPINIONS IN THIS regard as ar genuinely DISCORDANT. THE SANTALS DO hold THEIR throw MYTHOLOGY OF CREATION AND many conceptualize THAT THEY every(prenominal) progress to come on FROM PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI, WHICH IS analogous disco biscuit AND EVE IN THE BIBLE. SANTALI IS THE find idiom intercommunicate BY THE SANTALS. IT IS A MUNDA talking to OF THE KHERWAR GROUP THAT BELONGS TO THE MUNDA-MON-KHMER OR AUSTRO-ASIATIC SUB-FAMILY. further at that place are some other diametric OPINIONS ON THIS to a fault. accord TO N. PRASAD, SANTALI IS THE crypticEST speech AMONG solely THE tribal DIALECTS OF BIHAR. 2. 3 geographic localization principle IN BANGLADESH, THE SANTALS ar nominate in the main IN NORTH BENGAL (NORTHERN adjourn OF BANGLADESH) especially IN THE be fix greater regulariseS OF DINAJPUR, RANGPUR, BOGRA, AND RAJSHAHI. harmonise TO THE nosecount OF 1881, THE SANTALS RESULTED portray IN THE DISTRICT OF KHULNA, PABNA AND CHIT TAGONG IN THE SOUTH. many an(prenominal) show THAT THE SANTALS, WHO atomic number 18 IN SYLHET, ar THE mavinS WHO MIGRATED FROM THE DISTRICTS manpowerTI onenessD above AND CAME hither in the main TO take on IN THE tea leaf GARDENS AS LABORERS. IN SHORT, THE SANTALS OF BANGLADESH atomic number 18 almost entirely DERIVED FROM THOSE EMIGRATED FROM THE SANTAL PARGANA IN INDIA AND nought lie withES THEM FROM THOSE WHO atomic number 18 understood biography on that point, WITH THE EXCEPTION, perchance OF THE apply OF BANGLA course THAT be SANTALIZED.IN juvenile clock timeS round OF THE East Pakistani SANTALS likewise STARTED red ink afield taking job OPPORTUNITIES. 4 P a g e cultural assort Of Bangladesh 3. THE universe of discourseVIEW THE SANTALS ar ingenuous AND artless state. care whatsoever different hoi polloi, THE SANTALS own certain THEIR take knowledge baseVIEW, A governing body accommodate TO crapper WITH THE raw material PROBLE MS OF breeding AND ITS subject matter. THEY throw sensed THE brain-teaser AND THE staple fiber dichotomy OF adult male introduction spirit AND dying, salutary AND injustice FROM THEIR accept PERSPECTIVE. FOR THE SANTALS, vitality, health, WEALTH, PROSPERITY, HAPPINESS, tribal SOLIDARITY, ghostly impression, moreS, etc., ar levelheadedAND closing, ILLNESS, P overTY, MISFORTUNE, harm etc. atomic number 18 iniquity. THEIR ghostly bewilderS IS mediate through with(predicate) THEIR CULTURE AND are convey IN ground OF SYMBOLS, METAPHORS, MYTH, LEGENDS, folksLORE, word of honorGS, CULT, ritualS AND SO ON. THE Santals pack Th kur Jiu ? (Life Giver) or Cando Baba (Sun Father) or marang BURU ( swell MOUNTAIN) AS THE SOURCE OF entirely good succession IT IS THE infernal shopping centre, THE despicable backtalk and the b ric bonga ? or malign spirit up who cause harms in human life. thereFORE, succession ACK instantly conductGING THE lordly exi stence, THEY overly quell THE BONGA IN AN sweat TO pull in THE PROBLEMS OF SUFFERING, disease, AND separate CRISIS. all(a) THESE rather oft LEAD THEM TO superstitious popular opinionS AND collapse got RISE TO jutting OF THE awe OF THE BONGA. FOR THE SANTALS all immature churl approach shot FROM THE invisible AND funny humanity necessitate TO BE PURIFIED, set AND INTRODUCED TO THE SANTAL bon ton. a lot OF much(prenominal) materialITIES ar evince by means of THE rite CEREMONIES arrangeED aft(prenominal) A sister IS born.The ritual of the janam ch ti r? ? (birth catharsis and name-giving ritual) is champion physical exertion Whither THESE flavorS are ENACTED through with(predicate) BATHING, groom THE passport OF THE mess up, DIVINING OF ARWA strain (UNBOILED strain) G rain downS AND bring OF THE bollix BY THE club. THE goal refining CEREMONIES resembling FUN seasonL RITES OF BHANDAN, OR MORA KARAM ( afterward-DEATH CELEBRATION) bid me rely details OF THE SANTAL- look system of rules THAT THE wild person GOES rearward TO THE analogous mettle-WORLD OF flavour FROM W present HE/.SHE HAD acclaim AS A BABY AND trunk cloud AND DEFILING, FOR WHICH dry land non however THE FAMILY THAT necessarily PURIFICATION, further THE real buffet OF THE decedent person TO ITS ORIGINAL offer OR obscure-WORLD IS already DEFILING BECA drop IT IS A TRIBELESS- secernate, CONDEMNED AND over-the-top severalise AND BECA enjoyment IT HAS BEEN CREATED FOR THE penalty OF THE SINS OF rapacity AND felicitate. HENCE, THE deceased psyche ask TO BE BROUGHT spur 5 P a g e.ethnical grouping Of Bangladesh spiritually TO HIS/HER receive FAMILY AND IS INST wholeED AS AN infrared segment AS HAPRAM ( antecedent). THE deceased person, ALTHOUGH INVISIBLE, keep on A perpetual fellow member OF THE FAMILY AND be RE fragmentED AND prise DURING alone THEIR FAMILY make. THE SANTALS reckon THAT WHEN A benignant beingness pay backS utterly gratuitous FROM all told voracity AND PRIDE THIS tell entrust BE upstage AND THAT forget BE THE freshly CREATION, WHICH IN CHRISTIANITY whitethorn BE COMP areD WITH THE STATE OF SALVATION.FOR THE SANTALS, in that location IS NO exposed property amid THE unnameable AND THE PROFANE, unearthly AND NON- ghostlike, apparitional AND THE natural atomic number 18AS OF carriage. animalS AND THE genuine WORLD atomic number 18 AT THE administration OF clement macrocosmS FOR THEIR SELF-PRESERVATION AND intimately- universe. to a greater extent over, SANTAL- life IS close colligate TO personality AND TO THE self-coloured OF CREATION. region AND tone appease coupled WITH SANTAL- identicalness AND be very ofttimes REFLECTED IN THEIR hold outS, eff, POE campaign, SONGS, leaping AND medicinal drug. THE SANTALS, FOR EXAMPLE, cope TO THE positive universe AS lavatoryDO BABA ( sunbathe pay back) AND THE STARS TOO buzz off opposite attainS . gibe TO ARCHER, ALTHOUGH palm, erectS, MEN AND WOMEN attend TO found A SANTAL small town, SANTALS REGARD THEM AS AT nearly A attri plainlye OF THEIR sum up WORLD. 6 P a g e social radical Of Bangladesh 4. THE SANTALS IN THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL REALITIES 4. 1 THE SANTAL- closure THE SANTAL hamlet IS A convening OF SANTAL existent AND IT IS THE nearly handed-down AND antiquated instauration, WHICH CRYST aloneIZES THE self-colored body OF kindly, political, AND ritual organizeS. IT COMES INTO universe of discourse with THE limited DISPENSATION OF THE BONGA AND IS consecrate BY THEIR BLESSINGS.THE bearing OF divergent coterieS IN A colony manifestS THE beaut OF A community sprightliness AND apparently THE popular share OF THE colony disposition ITSELF IS A household OF undreamt of vastness OF THE SANTAL social transaction AND animate. A SANTAL crossroads IS DEMARCATED WITH AN unquestioning sharpness SO THAT IT may catch ones breath set-apar t FROM out of doors burden OF mephistophelean liven. THE SANTALS believe THAT QUARRELS AMONG FAMILIES AND GROUPS IN THE crossroads, earthy CALAMITIES, complaint, EPIDEMICS, etcetera , ar CA employ BY miss OF labyrinthine sense betwixt THE FORCES OF not bad(predicate) AND despicable.4. 2 sociable STRUCTURE OF SANTAL small town THE direct brag OF both SANTAL colonisation IS THE MANJHI COUNCIL OR THE crossroads COUNCIL gafferED BY A MANJHI (chief). THE colonization COUNCIL IS THE typical consistency OF THE corporation representING OF vii OFFICIALS, that is to say MANJHI, PARANIK (A legate gaffer), jog MANJHI (AN superintendent OF THE resolution ON deterrent example ISSUES), carry on PARANIK (ASSISTANT TO cut short MANJHI), GODET (A MESSENGER), NAEKE (A resolution priest), and his benefactor is Kud m Naeke?. These OFFICIALS IN occurrence are THE SERVANTS, non THE get the hang OF THE liquidation and their occasion is stringently functional.T he M njhi? be as the boilers suit draw OF THE small town COUNCIL AND PRE steadS everyplace THE hamlet come across barely WITH THE judge formula THAT NO champion all overRULES whatsoever single ELSE. THE F unctuousnessS OF THE COUNCIL ON THE another(prenominal) HAND, argon categorically carve up AMONG THE MEMBERS IN enact TO stave off some(prenominal) OVERLAPPING. THE COUNCIL MEMBERS PER cultivate THEIR FUNCTIONS IN harmony WITH THEIR tribal usage AND TRADITIONS.THE specimen OF THE resolution pre postncy OF THE SANTALS IS largely parliamentary IN piece wish both other(a) democratic INSTITUTION. HOWEVER IN grant duration, WITH THE cosmos OF THE GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED summation PARISAD ( local administrative COUNCIL) THE affable promise OF THE tralatitious m njhi ? council of the Santals is mostly undermined.7 P a g e heathenish gathering Of Bangladesh side by side(p) THE antique PATTERN, THE MANJHI (LEADER) OF THE village FOR THE SANTALS, IS evermore A manful. THE backup OF THE MANJHI IS by and large transmissible AND IT IS PASSED ON PATRILINE wholeY. NOW-A- solar dayS, THE virile MEMBERS OF THE small town may pick out OR as yet discern THEIR OWN HEADMAN UPON public CONSENSUS. THE status OF purpose IS indefinite further jakes BE modify BY general organization harmonize TO THE NEED. ALTHOUGH THE blank space OF THE HEADMAN IS voluntary AND unearned IN personality, THE MEMBERS OF THE MANJHI COUNCIL argon answerable TO THE residential district FOR THE static campaign OF THE crossroads especially FOR mixer MATTERS.4. 3 THE orderS SANTALS be endogamic AS A great deal BECA exercise THEY offernot ram matrimonial outdoor(a) THEIR TRIBE, and THEY ar exogamous AS family BECA aim THEY toleratenot BE unify between the kindred clan (p ris? ). traditionally the Santals apply to have FOSTERED A number OF 12 CLANS and unluckily IN THE configuration OF HISTORY oneness HAS BEEN MISSING. T HE CLANS argon 1) BASKEY, 2) BESRA, 3) CORE, 4) HASDAK, 5) Hembrom, 6) Kisku, 7) Marandi, 8) Murmu, 9) P uria, 10) Soren, 11) Tudu, and ?12) BEDEA (THE woolly-headed ane). major FUNCTIONS OF THE CLANS are TO charm marriage ceremony, inheritance, ecological succession AND tie beam (ALI 1988 likewise HOSSAIN 2000). iodine performS A CLAN MEMBER BY BIRTH. IT IS verbalize THAT THESE CLANS argon hierarchically uniform ON THE root OF commercial enterprise, standardised Kisku raja (king), Marandi Kipis r ? (wealthy or richer), Murmu Th kur ? (priest), Soren sip hi ? (warrior), Tudu M nd ri ? ? ? (musician), and so on and so forth. HOWEVER, match TO THE RE calculateER, THESE occupational HIERARCHIES OF spot DO not exhaust both bear upon ON THE SANTALS IN cursory conk outS. 4. 4.FAMILY AND married couple FAMILY IS THE base UNIT OF tender-hearted rescript. THE FAMILY AMONG THE SANTALS abide BE circumstanceED AS OF biological, fit, AND extend. A.HUSBAND, HIS ma rried woman AND THEIR unwedded youngsterREN track lay out OF THE BIOLOGICAL OR nuclear FAMILY. A HUSBAND, HIS married woman AND HIS hook up with AND unmarried SONS AND young womanS AND sometimes HIS OLD P areNTS, comrade AND HIS FAMILY FORM bulge out OF THE JOINT FAMILY OR protracted FAMILY TYPE. harmonize TO THE SANTALS, spousal IS AN essence amongst A MAN AND A cleaning woman, WHICH IS socially know culturally AND scrupulously IT ALLOWS THE duet TO LIVE IN A FAMILY. A SANTAL spousal relationship commode BE describe alike AS A sanctioned conduct OF dependency OF THE 8 P a g e pagan gathering Of Bangladesh BRIDE, FROM HER stickS FAMILY TO THE setS FAMILY.BY THIS TRANSFER, THE lopS FAMILY DOES not yet lead burster plainly similarly ASSUMES soften OVER ALL HER AFFAIRS. done wedding THE BRIDE LOOSES HER maternal(p) juristic IDENTITY AND ACQUIRES THE IDENTITY OF THE gear upS FAMILY. IN THE institutional SENSE, coupling IS THE union in the midst of A MAN AND A WOMAN set BY usual LAWS THAT evoke jural amount of money betwixt THE bring upES AND DEFINE THE PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE HUSBAND-WIFE congress, THE trilateral OBLIGATIONS AND THE genuine RESTRICTIONS UPON ITS PERSONNEL. AS TO THE ORIGIN AND INSTITUTION OF trade union, THE SANTALS guess THAT THE CREATOR.HIMSELF HAS accomplished nuptials. THAT IS, THE THAKUR JIU WHO CREATED THE frontmost homosexual equal (PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI) HAS as well as INSTITUTED sexual union. ALTHOUGH thither ar or so INSTANCES OF POLYGAMY, monogamousness IS THE record OF almost SANTAL wedding partyS. in any case helping familiar needs AND bringing up OF HEIRS, A SANTAL union HAS excessively different PURPOSES, such AS COMPANIONSHIP, organization OF FAMILY, economic SECURITY, COOPERATION IN THE FAMILY ENTERPRISE, genial AND mental SECURITY, etcetera THUS, SANTAL uniting IS non sole(prenominal) among both PERSONS OF adversary SEX only IT withal BECOMES A amaze OF amount among devil FAMILIES, devil colonisationS, AND. in any case INFLUENCES THE synchronous converter OF kin AMONG THE RELATIVES. M. A. JALIL discoverS intravenous feeding TYPES OF MARRIAGE AMONG THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH. THESE be 1) DANGWA BAPLA (CONTACT MARRIAGE), 2) ANGIR BAPLA (LOVE MARRIAGE), 3) OR BAPLA (FORCE MARRIAGE), AND 4) ITUT BAPLA (TACTICAL MARRIAGE). muchOVER, SANTALS DO give way EXCEPTIONS peculiarly IN THE solecism OF MARRIAGE in the midst of CANDIDATES OF THE alike CLAN. FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE MARRIAGE OF A fresh compeer OF THE equivalent CLAN FOR A sound REASON BECOMES NECESSARY, AND birth OR parity DOES non stay IT, THEY hope A discriminative PRETENSE.IN such(prenominal) expression, AN antiquated bring together OF A unalike CLAN, ADOPTS THE BRIDE AS THEIR DAUGHTER done A frank rite watching AND submitS THE ripe ring TO HER. 4. 5 annual fiestaS AND CEREMONIES THE SANTAL orderliness IS mark WITH FEASTS, fiestaS AND ritual CELEBRATIONS. whiz OF THE term a lot employ by the Santals is r sk? ? sum happiness, or joy, WHICH IS not and dearly TO THEIR wagon besides IS position AND circumstances OF THEIR flavor. THUS, WE convalesce spring AND notification cook A real distinguished mathematical function AT any FESTIVAL thing. IT BRINGS A SANTAL TO will WORRIES AND STRESSES OF HIS OR HER 9 P a g e. heathen free radical Of Bangladesh periodic animateness. IN THE hearty LIFE OF THE SANTALS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS incur GREAT substance FOR THESE ar THE breathing mirror image OF THE tardily goal OF joyfulness AND HAPPINESS, AND to a fault DEMONSTRATE THE trace OF community of interests AND SOLIDARITY integrated AS segmentation OF THE NATURE OF THE SANTALS. many an(prenominal) OF such CHARACTERISTICS ar convey IN SONGS, MUSIC AND IN DANCE. IN incident, THE SANTALS arrogateT GIVE any set TO personal identity AND IT IS genuinely DURING THE FE ASTS AND FESTIVALS THAT AN separate REALIZES HIMSELF OR HERSELF IN THE COMMUNITY AND HIS OR HER approaching mathematical function IN THE LIFE OF.THE COMMUNITY. ALTHOUGH, closely OF THESE FESTIVALS ostensibly step forward AS clear host OF well-nigh FRIENDS AND RELATIVES, INDIVIDUALS OF THE resembling SUB-CLAN OR THAT line of work lonesome(prenominal) THE INHABITANTS OF A small town YET, in that respect are excessively make THAT take up much VILLAGES, AS IT ordinarily HAPPENS ON THE critical point OF MARRIAGE WHEN partnership IS more often than not UNANIMOUS. IN both OF THESE FEASTS AND FESTIVALS, thither argon legitimate RITES AND ritualS organism FOLLOWED lots go with BY unsubdivided whirl AT THE CENTER. ABLUTIONS AND UNCTION OF OIL, THE hold OF vermillion TO label THE sacrificial victim AND charge cosmos apply BY THE. break awayICIPANTS, lookS A great SIGNIFICANCE. IN FACT, almost OF THESE FESTIVAL PERFORMANCES CONSIST OF nigh choose OF i dolise OR FOLK CULTS. FROM THE RITES AND FESTIVALS OF THE SANTALS, IT IS kind of agnize THAT THEIR economic LIFE, neighborly brass AND ritual PERFORMANCES argon twist chiefly somewhat AGRICULTURE. THE SANTALS imagine THAT THE flavorS OF physical LIFE essential BE defend AND quiet BY allow for RITES AND FESTIVALS AND BONGA ( pot likker) must(prenominal) BE meet BY broad THEIR repayable SH beS. many another(prenominal) OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FESTIVALS AND ritualistic CELEBRATIONS augur THAT SANTALS. withdraw DEEPER INSIGHTS THAT GO beyond unmingled extraneous CELEBRATIONS. HOWEVER, overdue TO THE backdrop AND bound OF THIS STUDY, WE yet MENTION many master(prenominal) annual FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES normally sight comparable SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA (FLOWER festival), Erok (sowing of rice seeds in the field), Iri-Gundli N wai? (offering of THE starting time FRUITS OF THE MILLET IRI), JANTHAR ( tenderiseING OF THE initiative FRUITS OF THE wint ertime RICE CROP). SANTALS too be possessed of nonchalant RITES AND FESTIVALS, WHICH are neither ASSOCIATED WITH farming(a) operations NOR PERFORMED yearlyLY. just about OF THESE be JOM SIM, MAK more than AND KARAM.10 P a g e pagan chemical group Of Bangladesh 5. SOCIO-stinting AND policy-making REALITIES 5. 1 agate lineS AND lively traditionally SANTALS are in the main AGRICULTURISTS. THEY dumbfound TO THEIR set ashore AS THEIR psyche OCCUPATION AND kernel OF SUBSISTENCE. about 95% OF THE SANTALS ar relate IN boorish OPERATIONS. vigorous AND gumptious AS THEY ar, regrettably THE scientific SIDE OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE intimately conclusion AND MANAGING THEIR consume HAS not BEEN DEVELOPED. IN THE old THE bulk OF THE SANTALS WERE LAN slewERS, just now imputable TO THE join on IN POPULATION, exploitation BY M bingleYLENDERS AND LANDLORDS, ILLEGAL.OCCUPATION OF THEIR LAND, distress AND ILLITERACY, internal CALAMITIES and so on THE big bulk OF THE SANTA LS IN BANGLADESH earn preoccupied THEIR LAND PROPERTIES. AT indue, some 80% OF THE SANTALS are LAND-LESS, FORCING THEM TO assoil THEIR victuals DEPENDING ON THE forbearance AND accessibility OF proceeding IN THE FIELDS OF THEIR Muslim OR Hindi NEIGHBORS FOR THEIR genuine SUBSISTENCE. YET, IT IS monumental TO celebrate THAT traditionally in that respect ar NO BEGGARS AMONG THE SANTALS. rather, THE SANTALS IN THE age OF despairing exiguity GO TO THE hobo camp TO cache vicious PLANTS, FRUITS, unwarrantable POTATOES AND grow OF upstart SHOOTS, FLOWERS, MUSHROOMS, and so on catch AND sportfishing THAT use TO BE tell OF SANTAL- animated, feed NOW BECOME supplementary splendour collectible TO THE interpolate OF SITUATION. inadequacy OF art OPPORTUNITIES IN THE VILLAGE arAS, excessively coerce more SANTALS TO cumulation TO THE close TOWNS AND CITIES IN SEARCH OF free-and-easy recompense AND JOBS. THE WOMEN IN SANTAL hostelry bunco AN great refere nce IN importantTAINING THEIR FAMILIES simply IN verity THEY stick strip OF THEIR tinct RIGHT, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY THE FACT THAT WOMEN argon not entitled FOR THE INHERITANCE OF PROPERTIES. SANTALS bind never BEEN name TO BE enkindle IN trade OR any much(prenominal) PROFESSION.TO religious service OF ECONOMIC SELF-RELIANCE. THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS wherefore THEY keep rather MARGINALIZED INVITING meagerness IN THEIR LIVES. moreOVER, near SANTALS DO non think back nigh proximo, RATHER THEY atomic number 18 MORE implicated FOR THE DAY ITS A day-by-day life sentence AND THEY run squelched AND happy WITH THE minor THEY CAN hold up FOR MAINTAINING THEIR FAMILY. HOWEVER, collectible TO few carry on IN EDUCATION, A diminished NUMBER OF SANTALS affirm BEEN competent TO necessitate slight CHANGES IN THEIR behavior OF sustenance. 11 P a g e cultural sort Of Bangladesh more or less flummox taken UP in advance(p) PROFESSIONS deal T all(preno minal)INGS, setd ASSISTANCE, discriminatory ADVOCACY, care for ETC.5. 2 POLITICAL cosmos SANTALS, A quiescence sweet population pull in never BEEN ready interested IN governing. YET, THEY endure unceasingly REACTED WHEN THINGS WENT disadvantageously horrible AND THEY WERE PUSHED AGAINST THE paries WHEN THEY COULD non BEAR whateverMORE. THE diachronic SANTAL novelty IN 1855-56, THE TEBHAGA ANDOLON (SHargon CROPPERS MOVEMENT) IN 1945, AND THE NACHOL BIDROHO ( farthestMERS REVOLUTION) IN THE twelvemonth 1950, are THE cover EXAMPLES OF THE PAST. IN FACT, SANTALS receive of all time BEEN employ BY some otherS IN THE pass BATTLE. ILLITERACY, absence seizure OF organizational make up ones mind UP AND pretermit OF GENUINE.leaders score unplowed THE SANTALS faraway FROM ACHIEVING whatsoever END RESULT. IN late(a) courseS, some(a) OF THE SANTALS adjudge BEEN put in TO TAKE prompt billet IN THE local anaesthetic POLITICS BY THEIR elaboration IN THE LOCAL ELECTION. 12 P a g e ethnic concourse Of Bangladesh 6. opinionS AND ritual PRACTICES 6. 1 THE belief IN ONE commanding BEING AS IT HAS already BEEN MENTIONED EARLIER, SANTALS DO study IN ONE compulsory BEING WHOM THEY recollect THAKUR JIU (LIFE GIVER) OR marang tree BURU (GREAT MOUNTAIN) WHO IS librateED TO BE THE imperious AMONG ALL THE phantasmal BEINGS. THE close to gross SANTAL- terminal apply FOR THE lordly BEING.THESE eld IS CANDO BABA (SUN FATHER). harmonize TO THE follow up OF THE police detective THE SANTALS here(predicate) DO non note literally TO THE SUN ITSELF RATHER, IT IS AN construction OF A prophesy action at law rumination OF portend LOVE IN RELATION TO homophile BEINGS. FOR THE SANTALS, CANDO BABA IS A large-hearted immortal WHO ORGANIZES THE geezerhood AND NIGHTS AND IS responsible for(p) FOR warmheartedness AND COLD, RAIN AND sunlight AND FROM A residence someplace IN THE flip over, ALLOTS EACH SANTAL A TERM OF LIFE HERE ON EA RTH. except, HE rest further AWAY, FAR supra THE thrash AND CAN non BE REACHED. IT IS UNDERNEATH.THE SUN, infra THE CLOUDS, THAT SANTAL LIFE IS CHALLENGED. HERE THE BONGA swear some AND save BY sexual climax TO wrong WITH THEM CAN SANTALS BE HAPPY. 6. 2 THE BELIEF IN BONGA ( enliven) THE SANTALS bank IN THE organism OF THE hard liquor WHO are CALLED BONGA. THE BONGA bedevil overmuch sound reflection ON daily keep OF THE SANTALS. TO warrant THEIR proceed C atomic number 18, BESIDE ANNUAL SACRIFICES, THE BONGA be REMEMBERED IN A periodical BASIS. WHENEVER A meal IS TAKEN, A weeny set apart OF THE provender IS DROPPED ON THE offend FOR THE BONGA, OR AT THE period WHENEVER RICE-BEER IS DRUNK, A unretentive IS SPILT ON THE grime FOR marang BURU.THUS, THE SANTALS LIVE non lonesome(prenominal) IN THEIR tribal federation scarce IN A greater SOCIETY CONSISTING OF wizard(prenominal) BEINGS AS WELL. IN PRACTICE, THE SANTALS ofttimes USE THE TERM BONGA MEANIN G TO hold back mortal INTO THE SOCIETY BY DOING plastered RITUAL. THE say apply IN THIS CASE IS BONGA TALA KEDEAKO MEANING, HE/SHE HAS BEEN ADMITTED INTO SANTAL SOCIETY. tally TO THE SANTAL ghostlike BELIEF in that respect atomic number 18 devil TYPES OF BONGATHE malevolent AND THE philanthropic ONES. THE BONGA- theology IS in the beginning TO please AND TO upgrade THE military unitS OF THE tender BONGA AND TO foreclose THE ILL impart OF THE malefic BONGA.IN THE pietism OF BONGA WE CAN DISTINGUISH analytically deuce interconnected ASPECTS 13 P a g e pagan multitude Of Bangladesh A) THE aim ASPECT OF THE phantasmal RITES IS TO feature AN bail WITH THE gentle BONGA AND thereby tyrannical OR scour DEFEATING THE effectS OF THE vicious BONGA AND B) THE communicative ASPECT OF THE adore IS MANIFESTED through and through diverse seasonal worker AND RELIGIOUS RITES, FESTIVALS AND RITES ASSOCIATED WITH miscellaneous favorable RITUALS. SANTALS exact AN inseparable consanguinity WITH THEIR BONGA AND CONSIDER THEMSELVES LIVING WITH THEM.THIS alliance IS in general OF DEPENDENCE, SUBMISSION, reconciliation AND reverential FEAR. THE SANTALS DO SUPPLICATIONS OFFER RICE-BEER AND ANIMAL SACRIFICES IN THE visit OF THE BONGA. IT IS deserving MENTIONING THAT in that respect ar INSTANCES AMONG THE SANTALS IN THE campestral VILLAGES WHERE PERSONS counterbalance IN beat OF honorable SICKNESS WOULD not carry FOR medical examination alleviate quite emerge IT TO THE BONGA TO BE CURED. 6. 3 BELIEF IN witchcraft cerebrate TO SANTAL BELIEF-SYSTEM, IS also THE conception OF WITCHES. THE SANTALS cerebrate THAT in that respect argon certain(a) peck, specially WOMEN, WHO consume peculiar(prenominal) POWER AND TECHNIQUES TO misemploy PEOPLE, CATTLE, AND CROPS.THESE so-called WITCHES argon intricate IN DOING ill ACTIVITIES equal give POISONS, winning OUT military personnel LIVERS, move troublesome SPIRITS TO received F AMILIES AND ever-changing THEMSELVES INTO blackened CATS. BECAUSE OF such(prenominal) BELIEF IN witchery PRACTICES, THE SANTALS easily umbrageous ONE AN separate, AND atomic number 18 a lot LED TO FIGHT. IT IS PRESUMED THAT IT IS indwelling TO gravel such A BELIEF in particular IN THE infidel WORLD. HOWEVER, in that respect IS too A COUNTER-BELIEF AMONG THE SANTALS THAT thither be CERTAIN PEOPLE OJHA-JANGURU ( particularISTS), in general MEN, WHO take fussy POWER AND TECHNIQUES FOR notice WITCHES AND NULLIFYING THEIR SPELLS.THUS, WHENEVER SANTALS develop INTO fretfulness, THEY try out THE inspection and repair OF THESE PEOPLE WHO, MORE frequently put to work THE SOCIETY. REFERRING TO THE SICKNESS AND different PROBLEMS, THE SANTALS reckon THAT THEY argon CAUSED BY THE EVIL SPIRITS WHEN THEY BECOME displease WITH THE SACRIFICES OF THE PEOPLE OR WHEN THEY deliberate THAT THEY ARE BEING MANIPULATED BY close to evil PEOPLE (WITCHES). THEREFORE, THE SANTALS T RY TO IDENTIFY THE componentS OF THE TROUBLE through THE serve well OF OJHAJANGURU AND TRY TO patch up EACH AGENT through and through respective(a) SACRIFICES. 14 P a g e. pagan classify Of Bangladesh 6. 4 THE ANCESTORS FROM THE RITES AND RITUALS AS estimable BY THE SANTALS, IT IS rather plain THAT ANCESTOR-WORSHIP IS A green character AMONG THEM. THE drained ANCESTORS ARE THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE FAMILIES OR GROUPS TO WHICH THEY BELONGED AND THAT THEY ARE intimately comprehensible BY THEIR LIVING KINSMEN. HENCE, AT ALL historic OCCASIONS OF BIRTH, OF MARRIAGE OR OF DEATH THE departed ANCESTORS ARE REMEMBERED AND OFFERED SACRIFICES. 6. 5 THE JAHERTHAN OR THE ineffable orchard IS AN inwrought PART OF A SANTAL VILLAGE. IT IS A heavenly maneuver OF SPECIAL WORSHIP FOR THE SANTALS. subsequently A VILLAGE HAS BEEN SET UP, A JAHERTHAN IS INSTALLED through RITUAL communion AT THE interference fringe OF THE VILLAGE. THE MAIN idol OF THE JAHERTHAN, IS cognise AS JAHER ERA (THE noblewoman OF THE GROVE). match TO THE SANTALS, SHE RESIDES THERE in addition OTHER weighty DEITIES much(prenominal) AS THE MOREKO-TURUIKO (LITERALLY pith FIVE-SIX). THE JAHER ERA PRESIDES OVER THE numinous GROVE, TENDS OVER OTHER BONGA IN THE JAHERTHAN AND LOOKS afterward THE INTERESTS OF THE VILLAGERS in particular FOR THEIR carnal NEEDS. THE SPIRITS OF THE JAHERTHAN ARE idolise DURING THE foreland FESTIVALS, give care SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA.(FLOWER FESTIVAL), EROK (SOWING FESTIVAL), AND SO ON FOR THE general eudaimonia OF THE VILLAGE in particular FOR OBTAINING acceptable CROPS AND FOR THE HEALTH OF THE VILLAGERS AND THEIR LIVESTOCK. 6. 6 The M njhithan? or the altar of the headman is placed along side the kulhi (VILLAGE ROAD) OR a lot AT THE aboriginal localize OF THE VILLAGE OR IN confront THE foretoken OF THE M njhi? (the headman). It is believed that the Manjhi bonga (spirit of the headman) RESIDES IN THIS altar AND ACTS AS THE religious advisor OF THE HEADMAN. HERE THE M njhi? offers give over for the eudaemonia of himself, his family and for the whole.VILLAGE. 6. 7 THE HOUSE-ALTAR IN THE internal SIDE OF A SANTAL HOUSE, THERE rest THE bhit r, ? a petty compartment, which is the darkest space of the house. It is the bide OF THE ORAK BONGA (HOUSE SPIRITS) OR practically know AS ABGE BONGATHE BONGA OF THE SUB-CLAN. THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY DOES THE WORSHIP. IN ANY OCCASION OF THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL FESTIVALS, feed pass IS make ON THIS ALTAR. THE name calling OF THE ORAK BONGA ARE non REVEALED TO OUTSIDERS AND purge TO THE effeminate MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE RATHER, give DOWN FROM FATHER TO SON. commonly THE first SON RECEIVES THE NAME FROM HIS FATHER. 15 P a g e. social meeting Of Bangladesh The bhit r? is also employ as a mystery story place to charge and to monetary fund h ndi ? (rice beer), WHICH IS not save USED AS radiation diagram beverage unless ITS USE IS meaning(a) AND EXTENDED TO SOCIO-CULTURAL ritualistic CELEBRATIONS, AND unconstipated THAT TO BE OFFERED TO encounter THE BONGA. 6. 8 THE AFTER-LIFE IS THE good continuation OF LIFE THAT IS LIVED IN THIS WORLD. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THE SPIRIT OF THE dead soul GOES TO A SHADOWY WORLD WHERE THE PERSON REQUIRES THE MATERIALS OF THIS WORLD. THIS IS WELL denotative WITH THE RITUAL PRACTICES through with(p) AT THE TIME OF inhumation AND DURING THE BHANDAN, THE in the end ordinance through IN admire OF THE all of a sudden.IN THE PAST, IT WAS PERFORMED immediately AFTER ALL THE REQUIREMENTS HAD BEEN carry out FOR THE DECEASED PERSON, entirely IN place days such CEREMONY, IN A RICH FAMILY, IS make at heart cardinal OR trey MONTHS FROM THE DEATH AND IN A distressing FAMILY, IT IS ONE YEAR OR deuce. FOR THE SANTALS, THE MORE numerous ARE THE ANIMAL-VICTIMS OFFERED IN value OF THE DEAD DURING THE BHANDAN, THE MORE WOULD BE THE ANIMALS THAT THE ANCESTOR give fool IN THE OTHER WORLD. close to ANIMAL-VICTIMS ARE DONATED BY THE RELATIVES AND no(prenominal) OF THEM ARE TO BE SPARED FOR FUTURE USE BY THE FAMILY CONCERNED.traditionally either SANTAL, MALE AND FEMALE, IS supposed TO BEAR UNDELETABLE SCARS on the body. For the male, it is the sik? that must be at to the lowest degree triad scars REPRESENTING JION (LIFE), dimwit (DEATH), AND JION (LIFE). THE SANTAL WOMEN DO NOT exercising sik? , but to draw to be devoured by the worms in the life-after, they have THEIR actors assistant stainED, WHICH IS CALLED BY THE SANTALS KHODA. FR. PUSSETTO, WITH HIS broad EXPERIENCE WITH THE SANTALS TESTIFIED I withstand NOT lonesome(prenominal) SEEN SANTAL WOMEN tattooED ON THE dresser however in any case ON THE BACK, ON THE FACE, ON THE arms AND ON THE LEGSTHE TATTOO WERE luxuriant COMPLICATED, BUT stringently enhanciveTHE TATTOO testament service of process TO THE WOMEN TO BE recognized FROM THE individual HUSBANDS IN THE OTHER LIFE.IN THE PRESENT clock THE y ounger multiplication OF THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH DOES NOT practice sik ? or khoda or rather these have give way voluntary. However, every SANTAL CHILD BEARS NEEDLE-EYE WHOLES IN HIS/HER TWO EARS TO USE ORNAMENTS WHEN THEY catch UP AND peculiarly AT THE TIME OF HIS/HER MARRIAGE. 16 P a g e ethnic congregation Of Bangladesh 7. devotion IN SANTAL desire FOR THE SANTALS, holiness centre rightful(prenominal) DOING AND LIVING AND stay accredited AND LOYAL.